Biology Flashcards
Specialisation in animal cells
As their body develops is becomes a specialised cell
When can plant cells differentiate
Able to differentiate all through their lives
What cells can animal cells differentiate into
Red blood cells
Muscle cells
Skin cells
What can plant cells differentiate into
All types of plant cells
Phloem cells
Xylem cells
Root hair cells
Exchanging materials
Exchange of many materials in the body happens through diffusion
where materials move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
Evaluate the use of stem cells from embryos or from adult bone marrow for treating human diseases
Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any cell type in the body
Adult stem cells can differentiate into a limited range of cell types
Tissue
Group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function
Muscular tissue
Contracts to move whatever it”s attached to
Glandular tissue
Makes and secretes chemicals such as enzymes and hormones
Epithelial tissue
Covers some parts of the body
Organ
Group of tissues working together to carry out a particular function
Where is amylase made
Salvary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine
Where is protease made
Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine
Where is lipase found
Pancreas
Small intestine
Where is bile produced and stored
Produced - liver
Stored - gallbladder
Function of pancreas
Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes
Releases these into the small intestine
Function of liver
Where bile is produced
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs in the lungs surrounded by a network of blood capillaries
How does gas exchange happen
Blood passing next to alveoli returned to lungs from rest of body
Oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus into the blood
When blood reaches body cells oxygen released from red blood cells and diffuse into body cells
CO2 diffuses out of body cells into blood then carried to lungs
Process of breathing
When you inhale air enters lungs and oxygen from that air moves to your blood
CO2 waste gas moves from blood to lungs and exhaled
Organs in plant
Stem
Roots
Leaves
Examples of plant tissues
Epidermal tissue - covers whole plant
Phloem
Xylem
What causes evaporation in plants
Water that evaporates inside the stomata
Factors that increase rate or evaporation faster
High temperature
Dry air
No wind
Protists
Single celled eukaryotes
Malaria
Fungi
A disease caused by fungus
Rose black spot
Bacteria
Very small cells which can reproduce rapidly inside your body
They can make you feel ill by producing toxins that damage your cells
Viral diseases examples
Measles
HIV
Tobacco mosaic virus
Bacterial disease examples
Gonorrhea
Cholera
Tuberclosis
How to grow bacteria in a lab
Agar plates are used to culture (grow) bacteria and fungi in the lab
Created by pouring hot molten agar into sterile petri dishes
Petri dishes are used to grow cells from organisms
First and second line of defence against bacteria
Phagocytes (white blood cells) can engulf the pathogens and digest them
Lymphocytes produce antibodies to lock onto the invading cells
Plant diseases
Rose black spot
Causes purple or black spots
The leaves then turn yellow and drop off
Plant defence responses (physical)
Waxy cuticle provides barrier to stop pathogens from entering
Plant cells have cell wall forming barrier against the pathogens
Layers of dead cells act as barrier to stop pathogens from entering
Monoclonal antibodies
B-lymphocytes
Produced from lots of clones of a single white blood cell
Plant defences (chemical)
Can produce antibacterial chemicals
Some plants can produce poison
Plant defenses (mechanical)
Thorns stop animals from touching or eating them
Other plants droop or curl when touched
Venus flytrap
How to make monoclonal antibodies
Insert antigen in mouse
Mouse immunes response occurs
B lymphocytes takwn from mouse
Lymphocytes combines with tumour cells
Many antibodies produced in the fermenter
Uses of monoclonal antibodies
Cancer
Poisoning
Viral infections
How do painkillers work
When in pain a protein releases chemicals which send a signal to the brain telling you you’re in pain
Function of vacuole
A sac that stores water
Which organ system contains heart cells
Circulatory system
What medical condition could be treated using heart cells created from an embryo?
Heart disease
Independant variable
The variable which changes
Control variable
Variable kept the same
Dependant variable
The variable that is measured
Where protein digested in digestive system
Small intestine
