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Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Specialisation in animal cells

A

As their body develops is becomes a specialised cell

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2
Q

When can plant cells differentiate

A

Able to differentiate all through their lives

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3
Q

What cells can animal cells differentiate into

A

Red blood cells

Muscle cells

Skin cells

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4
Q

What can plant cells differentiate into

A

All types of plant cells

Phloem cells

Xylem cells

Root hair cells

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5
Q

Exchanging materials

A

Exchange of many materials in the body happens through diffusion

where materials move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

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6
Q

Evaluate the use of stem cells from embryos or from adult bone marrow for treating human diseases

A

Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any cell type in the body

Adult stem cells can differentiate into a limited range of cell types

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7
Q

Tissue

A

Group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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8
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Contracts to move whatever it”s attached to

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9
Q

Glandular tissue

A

Makes and secretes chemicals such as enzymes and hormones

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10
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers some parts of the body

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11
Q

Organ

A

Group of tissues working together to carry out a particular function

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12
Q

Where is amylase made

A

Salvary glands

Pancreas

Small intestine

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13
Q

Where is protease made

A

Stomach

Pancreas

Small intestine

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14
Q

Where is lipase found

A

Pancreas

Small intestine

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15
Q

Where is bile produced and stored

A

Produced - liver

Stored - gallbladder

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16
Q

Function of pancreas

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes

Releases these into the small intestine

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17
Q

Function of liver

A

Where bile is produced

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18
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs in the lungs surrounded by a network of blood capillaries

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19
Q

How does gas exchange happen

A

Blood passing next to alveoli returned to lungs from rest of body

Oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus into the blood

When blood reaches body cells oxygen released from red blood cells and diffuse into body cells

CO2 diffuses out of body cells into blood then carried to lungs

20
Q

Process of breathing

A

When you inhale air enters lungs and oxygen from that air moves to your blood

CO2 waste gas moves from blood to lungs and exhaled

21
Q

Organs in plant

A

Stem

Roots

Leaves

22
Q

Examples of plant tissues

A

Epidermal tissue - covers whole plant

Phloem

Xylem

23
Q

What causes evaporation in plants

A

Water that evaporates inside the stomata

24
Q

Factors that increase rate or evaporation faster

A

High temperature

Dry air

No wind

25
Q

Protists

A

Single celled eukaryotes

Malaria

26
Q

Fungi

A

A disease caused by fungus

Rose black spot

27
Q

Bacteria

A

Very small cells which can reproduce rapidly inside your body

They can make you feel ill by producing toxins that damage your cells

28
Q

Viral diseases examples

A

Measles

HIV

Tobacco mosaic virus

29
Q

Bacterial disease examples

A

Gonorrhea

Cholera

Tuberclosis

30
Q

How to grow bacteria in a lab

A

Agar plates are used to culture (grow) bacteria and fungi in the lab

Created by pouring hot molten agar into sterile petri dishes

Petri dishes are used to grow cells from organisms

31
Q

First and second line of defence against bacteria

A

Phagocytes (white blood cells) can engulf the pathogens and digest them

Lymphocytes produce antibodies to lock onto the invading cells

32
Q

Plant diseases

A

Rose black spot

Causes purple or black spots

The leaves then turn yellow and drop off

33
Q

Plant defence responses (physical)

A

Waxy cuticle provides barrier to stop pathogens from entering

Plant cells have cell wall forming barrier against the pathogens

Layers of dead cells act as barrier to stop pathogens from entering

34
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

B-lymphocytes

Produced from lots of clones of a single white blood cell

35
Q

Plant defences (chemical)

A

Can produce antibacterial chemicals

Some plants can produce poison

36
Q

Plant defenses (mechanical)

A

Thorns stop animals from touching or eating them

Other plants droop or curl when touched

Venus flytrap

37
Q

How to make monoclonal antibodies

A

Insert antigen in mouse

Mouse immunes response occurs

B lymphocytes takwn from mouse

Lymphocytes combines with tumour cells

Many antibodies produced in the fermenter

38
Q

Uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

Cancer

Poisoning

Viral infections

39
Q

How do painkillers work

A

When in pain a protein releases chemicals which send a signal to the brain telling you you’re in pain

40
Q

Function of vacuole

A

A sac that stores water

41
Q

Which organ system contains heart cells

A

Circulatory system

42
Q

What medical condition could be treated using heart cells created from an embryo?

A

Heart disease

43
Q

Independant variable

A

The variable which changes

44
Q

Control variable

A

Variable kept the same

45
Q

Dependant variable

A

The variable that is measured

46
Q

Where protein digested in digestive system

A

Small intestine

Biology (12 decks)

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