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Biology > B4 Organising Animals And Plants > Flashcards

B4 Organising Animals And Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

How plant organs are involved in the transport system

A

Xylem and phloem transports the products of photosynthesis including sugars and amino acids

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2
Q

Why transport in plants is important

A

Plants transport all the nutrients and water it needs for survival from its roots to the tips of the leaves

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3
Q

Dermal (epidermal) tissue

A

Covers and protects the plant

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4
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Transports water, minerals and sugars

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5
Q

Ground tissue

A

A site of photosynthesis

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6
Q

Xylem tissue

A

Transports water and mineral salts from the roots up to other parts of the plant

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7
Q

Phloem tissue

A

Transports sucrose and amino acids

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8
Q

Describe evidence for movement of water through xylem

A

Root pressure pushes water up

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9
Q

Examples of plant organs

A

Roots

Stems

Leaves

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10
Q

How the rate of transport through a plant can be measured

A

By measuring the distance travelled by an air bubble in a capillary tube over a given time

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11
Q

Function of stomata

A

Regulates gas exchange between plant and environment and control of water loss

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12
Q

How a potometer can be used to estimate the volume of water lost by a plant

A

By recording the time taken for a bubble in the tube to move a set distance

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13
Q

Mass potometer

A

Measures transpiration through loss of mass

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14
Q

Factors that affect transpiration

A

Temperature

Humidity

Air movement

Light intensity

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15
Q

Transpiration

A

The evaporation of water vapour from the leaves

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16
Q

Why temperature affects the rate of transpiration

A

As temperature rises, water evaporates faster

Water molecules in leaves gain more energy. This increased energy causes water to evaporate more quickly

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17
Q

Why humidity affects the rate of transpiration

A

Easier for water to evaporate into dryer air than into more saturated air

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18
Q

Why light intensity affects the rate of transpiration

A

Plants open their stomata in response to light, allowing water vapour to escape from the leaves

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19
Q

Why amount of air flow affects rate of transpiration

A

Increased movement of the air around a plant will result in a higher transpiration rate

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20
Q

How the opening and closing of stomata is controlled by guard cells

A

The turgor pressure in the guard cells controls the opening and closing of the guard cells

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21
Q

How transpiration maintains the movement of water from roots to leaves

A

Transpiration is tranported to the leaves through the xylem

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22
Q

How stomata control transpiration

A

Guard cells increase or decrease the size of the pore with changes in their turgor status

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23
Q

Function of roots

A

To take in water and nutrients

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24
Q

Function of leaves

A

Turns sunlight into food

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25
Q

Function of stem

A

Support leaves, flowers, and fruits

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26
Q

How to use a light microscope to view a cross-section of a leaf

A

Add a drop or two of water over the leaf section and then covering it with the coverslip

Look through eyepiece lens

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27
Q

How the structure of xylem is adapted to its
function

A

Has no end walls so xylem forms a continuous hollow tube

Strengthened by lignin providing strength and support

Consists of dead cells which don’t have organelles filling them up allowing more capacity for transporting water

28
Q

How the structure of phloem is adapted to its
function

A

Sieve plates enable easy and efficient flow of phloem sap between cells

Companion cells help in loading and unloading sugars into sieve tube elements

Flexible sieve tube elements and supportive fibers helps phloem withstand stretching and bending as plant grows or moves

29
Q

How would you suggest functions for unknown
plant tissues

A

Cell shape and size :
Elongated cells may suggest role in transport or support
Rounded cells might be storage or metabolic

Cell wall thickness:
Thick cells may indicate a structural role (support, protection)
Thin walls suggest role in transport or metabolic activities

30
Q

How structure of dermal tissue is related to its function

A

Dermis structure provides strength and flexibility

Blood vessels help maintain your epidermis by transporting nutrients

31
Q

How structure of vascular tissue is related to its function

A

Make up of 2 specialized conducting tissues

Xylem provides structural support

Phloem transports sugars from sits of photosynthesis to other parts of plant

32
Q

How structure of ground tissue is related to its function

A

Structural support for stem and vascular tissue

Storage for water and sugars

33
Q

Evaluate drinking from a straw as a model for transpiration

A

Tension created by transpiration pulls water in the plant xylem, drawing water upward in almost same way you draw water upward when you suck on a straw

34
Q

Examples of plant tissues

A

Epidermal, palisade mesophyll, spongy, xylem, phloem, meristem

35
Q

Function of palisade mesophyll tissue

A

The part of the leaf where photosynthesis occurs

36
Q

Function of spongy mesophyll tissue

A

Contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells

37
Q

Function of meristem tissue

A

Found at growing tips of shoots and roots and able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cell allowing plant to grow

38
Q

What tissues do leaves contain

A

Epidermal

Mesophyll

Xylem

Phloem

39
Q

Why is epidermal tissue covered with a waxy cuticle

A

Helps reduce water loss by evaporation

40
Q

Why is upper epidermis transparent

A

So loght can pass through it to palisade layer

41
Q

Why does palisade layer have lots of chloroplasts

A

Means they’re near the top of leaf where they can get most light

42
Q

Why do xylem and phloem form a network of vascular bundles

A

They deliver water and other nutrients to the entire leaf and take away the glucose produced by photosynthesis

They also help support the structure

43
Q

Function of air spaces in spongy mesophyll tissue

A

Increase rate of diffision gases

44
Q

Function of stomata on lower epidermis

A

Lets CO2 diffuse directly into leaf

45
Q

Structure of phloem tube

A

Made up of columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to allow cell sap to flow through

46
Q

Translocation

A

The transport of dissolved material within a plant

47
Q

Differences between transpiration and translocation

A

Transpiration is process by which water is absorbed by roots of plant
Translocation movement of organic substances

Transpiration involves movement of water and dissolved minerals
Transolcation movement of organic molecules and other nutrients

Transpiration occurs through xylem
Translocation occurs through phloem

48
Q

Similarities between transpiration and translocation

A

Both processes are involved in the transport of essential substances within the plant

Both processes use vascular tissue to transport substances

Both processes can be affected by temperature, light intensity and humidity

49
Q

Factors that affect translocation

A

Light intensity

Temperature

Concentration of solutes

Water available

Nutrient availability

50
Q

How does temperature affect translocation

A

Increases the speed of translocation increases kinetic energy of molecules involved in the process

51
Q

How does light intensity affect translocation

A

As light intensity increases, rate of photosynthesis increases, rate or growth increases and more food is translocated

52
Q

How does concentration of solutes affect translocation

A

A higher concentration of solutes can create a higher pressure potential

This drives the movement of substances through the phloem

53
Q

How does water availability affect translocation

A

In conditions of water scarcity, the pressure in the phloem may decrease, slowing down or stopping translocation

54
Q

How does nutrient availability affect translocation

A

If soil is deficient in certain nutrients, the plant may not be able to produce the necessary sugars for translocation

If soil is rich in nutrients, the plant may produce more sugars, leading to a higher rate of translocation

55
Q

What is transpiration caused by

A

By evaporation and diffusion of water from a plant’s surface

56
Q

Why is more water drawn up from the rest of the plant through xylem vessels

A

To replace it as evaporation creates slight shortage or water

57
Q

How is there a constant transpiration stream of water through a plant

A

More water is drawn up from the roots

58
Q

How to calculate the mean number of stomata on a given area of leaf

A

Use microscope

Count number of stomata in the field of view

Then slightly move slide and count number of stomata in a different field of view

Make at least five random counts, then calculate a mean

59
Q

How to use sampling to estimate the number of stomata on a leaf

A

Calculate mean

60
Q

Why do plants have different numbers of stomata

A

To help them survive better in a higher range of temperature

Each individual stomata will be able to bring in more carbon dioxide

61
Q

Bubble potometer

A

Measures the rate of water loss from a plant by transpiration

62
Q

Differences between a moving bubble potometer and a mass potometer

A

Moving bubble potometer measures water taken up by the plant from a tube
Mass potometer measures water lost by whole setup

Moving bubble potometer requires more complex setup
Mass potometer requires simple set up

63
Q

Adaptations to control water loss and how they work

A

Thick waxy cuticles - create barrier to evaporation

Narrow leaves with fewer pores - reduce amount of water escaping

64
Q

Identify variables when investigating rate of transpiration

A

The factors affecting transpiration

65
Q

Make a prediction using scientific knowledge when investigating rate of transpiration

A

If environmental conditions sush as temperature humidity increase transpiration increases

66
Q

What is the use of a potometer to measure the rate of transpiration

A

Biology (12 decks)

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