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Biology > B4 Organising Animals And Plants > Flashcards

B4 Organising Animals And Plants Flashcards

1
Q

How plant organs are involved in the transport system

A

Xylem and phloem transports the products of photosynthesis including sugars and amino acids

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2
Q

Why transport in plants is important

A

Plants transport all the nutrients and water it needs for survival from its roots to the tips of the leaves

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3
Q

Dermal (epidermal) tissue

A

Covers and protects the plant

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4
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Transports water, minerals and sugars

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5
Q

Ground tissue

A

A site of photosynthesis

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6
Q

Xylem tissue

A

Transports water and mineral salts from the roots up to other parts of the plant

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7
Q

Phloem tissue

A

Transports sucrose and amino acids

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8
Q

Describe evidence for movement of water through xylem

A

Root pressure pushes water up

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9
Q

Examples of plant organs

A

Roots

Stems

Leaves

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10
Q

How the rate of transport through a plant can be measured

A

By measuring the distance travelled by an air bubble in a capillary tube over a given time

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11
Q

Function of stomata

A

Regulates gas exchange between plant and environment and control of water loss

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12
Q

How a potometer can be used to estimate the volume of water lost by a plant

A

By recording the time taken for a bubble in the tube to move a set distance

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13
Q

Mass potometer

A

Measures transpiration through loss of mass

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14
Q

Factors that affect transpiration

A

Temperature

Humidity

Air movement

Light intensity

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15
Q

Transpiration

A

The evaporation of water vapour from the leaves

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16
Q

Why temperature affects the rate of transpiration

A

As temperature rises, water evaporates faster

Water molecules in leaves gain more energy. This increased energy causes water to evaporate more quickly

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17
Q

Why humidity affects the rate of transpiration

A

Easier for water to evaporate into dryer air than into more saturated air

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18
Q

Why light intensity affects the rate of transpiration

A

Plants open their stomata in response to light, allowing water vapour to escape from the leaves

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19
Q

Why amount of air flow affects rate of transpiration

A

Increased movement of the air around a plant will result in a higher transpiration rate

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20
Q

How the opening and closing of stomata is controlled by guard cells

A

The turgor pressure in the guard cells controls the opening and closing of the guard cells

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21
Q

How transpiration maintains the movement of water from roots to leaves

A

Transpiration is tranported to the leaves through the xylem

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22
Q

How stomata control transpiration

A

Guard cells increase or decrease the size of the pore with changes in their turgor status

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23
Q

Function of roots

A

To take in water and nutrients

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24
Q

Function of leaves

A

Turns sunlight into food

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25
Function of stem
Support leaves, flowers, and fruits
26
How to use a light microscope to view a cross-section of a leaf
Add a drop or two of water over the leaf section and then covering it with the coverslip Look through eyepiece lens
27
How the structure of xylem is adapted to its function
Has no end walls so xylem forms a continuous hollow tube Strengthened by lignin providing strength and support Consists of dead cells which don't have organelles filling them up allowing more capacity for transporting water
28
How the structure of phloem is adapted to its function
Sieve plates enable easy and efficient flow of phloem sap between cells Companion cells help in loading and unloading sugars into sieve tube elements Flexible sieve tube elements and supportive fibers helps phloem withstand stretching and bending as plant grows or moves
29
How would you suggest functions for unknown plant tissues
Cell shape and size : Elongated cells may suggest role in transport or support Rounded cells might be storage or metabolic Cell wall thickness: Thick cells may indicate a structural role (support, protection) Thin walls suggest role in transport or metabolic activities
30
How structure of dermal tissue is related to its function
Dermis structure provides strength and flexibility Blood vessels help maintain your epidermis by transporting nutrients
31
How structure of vascular tissue is related to its function
Make up of 2 specialized conducting tissues Xylem provides structural support Phloem transports sugars from sits of photosynthesis to other parts of plant
32
How structure of ground tissue is related to its function
Structural support for stem and vascular tissue Storage for water and sugars
33
Evaluate drinking from a straw as a model for transpiration
Tension created by transpiration pulls water in the plant xylem, drawing water upward in almost same way you draw water upward when you suck on a straw
34
Examples of plant tissues
Epidermal, palisade mesophyll, spongy, xylem, phloem, meristem
35
Function of palisade mesophyll tissue
The part of the leaf where photosynthesis occurs
36
Function of spongy mesophyll tissue
Contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells
37
Function of meristem tissue
Found at growing tips of shoots and roots and able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cell allowing plant to grow
38
What tissues do leaves contain
Epidermal Mesophyll Xylem Phloem
39
Why is epidermal tissue covered with a waxy cuticle
Helps reduce water loss by evaporation
40
Why is upper epidermis transparent
So loght can pass through it to palisade layer
41
Why does palisade layer have lots of chloroplasts
Means they're near the top of leaf where they can get most light
42
Why do xylem and phloem form a network of vascular bundles
They deliver water and other nutrients to the entire leaf and take away the glucose produced by photosynthesis They also help support the structure
43
Function of air spaces in spongy mesophyll tissue
Increase rate of diffision gases
44
Function of stomata on lower epidermis
Lets CO2 diffuse directly into leaf
45
Structure of phloem tube
Made up of columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to allow cell sap to flow through
46
Translocation
The transport of dissolved material within a plant
47
Differences between transpiration and translocation
Transpiration is process by which water is absorbed by roots of plant Translocation movement of organic substances Transpiration involves movement of water and dissolved minerals Transolcation movement of organic molecules and other nutrients Transpiration occurs through xylem Translocation occurs through phloem
48
Similarities between transpiration and translocation
Both processes are involved in the transport of essential substances within the plant Both processes use vascular tissue to transport substances Both processes can be affected by temperature, light intensity and humidity
49
Factors that affect translocation
Light intensity Temperature Concentration of solutes Water available Nutrient availability
50
How does temperature affect translocation
Increases the speed of translocation increases kinetic energy of molecules involved in the process
51
How does light intensity affect translocation
As light intensity increases, rate of photosynthesis increases, rate or growth increases and more food is translocated
52
How does concentration of solutes affect translocation
A higher concentration of solutes can create a higher pressure potential This drives the movement of substances through the phloem
53
How does water availability affect translocation
In conditions of water scarcity, the pressure in the phloem may decrease, slowing down or stopping translocation
54
How does nutrient availability affect translocation
If soil is deficient in certain nutrients, the plant may not be able to produce the necessary sugars for translocation If soil is rich in nutrients, the plant may produce more sugars, leading to a higher rate of translocation
55
What is transpiration caused by
By evaporation and diffusion of water from a plant's surface
56
Why is more water drawn up from the rest of the plant through xylem vessels
To replace it as evaporation creates slight shortage or water
57
How is there a constant transpiration stream of water through a plant
More water is drawn up from the roots
58
How to calculate the mean number of stomata on a given area of leaf
Use microscope Count number of stomata in the field of view Then slightly move slide and count number of stomata in a different field of view Make at least five random counts, then calculate a mean
59
How to use sampling to estimate the number of stomata on a leaf
Calculate mean
60
Why do plants have different numbers of stomata
To help them survive better in a higher range of temperature Each individual stomata will be able to bring in more carbon dioxide
61
Bubble potometer
Measures the rate of water loss from a plant by transpiration
62
Differences between a moving bubble potometer and a mass potometer
Moving bubble potometer measures water taken up by the plant from a tube Mass potometer measures water lost by whole setup Moving bubble potometer requires more complex setup Mass potometer requires simple set up
63
Adaptations to control water loss and how they work
Thick waxy cuticles - create barrier to evaporation Narrow leaves with fewer pores - reduce amount of water escaping
64
Identify variables when investigating rate of transpiration
The factors affecting transpiration
65
Make a prediction using scientific knowledge when investigating rate of transpiration
If environmental conditions sush as temperature humidity increase transpiration increases
66
What is the use of a potometer to measure the rate of transpiration

Biology (11 decks)

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