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Biology > B3 Organisation And Digestion > Flashcards

B3 Organisation And Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

Organelle

A

Smaller parts or a cell

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2
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells the same type

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3
Q

Organ

A

Group of cells working together

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4
Q

Organ system

A

Group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions

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5
Q

Examples of cells

A

Blood cells

Stem cells

Sperm cells

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6
Q

Examples of tissues

A

Epithelial tissue, glandular tissue, nervous tissue

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7
Q

Examples of organs

A

Brain, lungs, heart

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8
Q

Name all the organs in digestive system

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus

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9
Q

Function of mouth

A

Food is broken down into smaller pieces by chewing

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10
Q

Function of oesophagus (gullet)

A

Food travels down from mouth to stomach

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11
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

Where bile is stored before released into small intestine

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12
Q

Function of large intestine

A

Excess water is absorbed from the food

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13
Q

Function of small intestine

A

Breaks down nutrients

Absorbs nutrients

Gets rid of unnecessary components

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14
Q

Function of liver

A

Bile in the liver neutralises stomach acid and emulsify fats

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15
Q

Function of pancreas

A

Protease, lipase and amylase are released into the small intestine to help digest the food

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16
Q

Function of rectum

A

Where the faeces are stored before passed out of the anus

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17
Q

Example of food molecules which are polymers

A

Proteins polymers of amino acids and nucleic acid

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18
Q

Tissues that make up organs

A

Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue

Muscle tissue

Nervous tissue

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19
Q

How the small intestine is adapted to its function

A

Villi and microvilli that increase surface area

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20
Q

Why the cells of multicellular organisms are organised into tissues, organs and organ systems

A

To support the life processes of cells to keep the organism alive

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21
Q

Function of Epithelial tissue

A

Helps protect the stomach from the harsh acidic environment

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22
Q

What does potato contain

Starch, lipids, sugar, protein

A

Starch

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23
Q

What does vegetable oil contain

Starch, lipids, sugar, protein

A

Lipids

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24
Q

Do egg whites contain

Starch, lipids, sugar, protein

A

Sugar

Protein

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25
Q

Does a banana contain

Starch, lipids, sugar, protein

A

Sugar

Protein

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26
Q

Starch test

A

Few drops of iodine on food solution

If solution turns blue-black starch is present

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27
Q

Lipid test

A

Few drops of ethanol to food solution

If solution turns cloudy food has lipids

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28
Q

Sugar test

A

Few drops of benedict’s to food solution

If solution turns green the food contains some sugar

If orange-red the food contains lots of sugar

29
Q

Protein test

A

Few drops of biuret to food solution

If purple contains protien

30
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins which act as biological catalysts

31
Q

Function of enzyme in the body

A

Speeds up rate of chemical reaction

32
Q

What affects how well an enzyme works

A

Temperature and pH

33
Q

How are enzymes used in digestion

A

To break down food molecules

34
Q

What do carbohydrates, proteins and lipids break down to

A

Carbohydrase

Protease

Lipase

35
Q

How to test for substrates and products in the model gut

A

Set up Visking tubing

Fill with mixture of starch and glucose

Suspend in boiling tube for period of time

36
Q

How some organisms can survive in extreme conditons

A

Enzymes enable these organisms to function in extreme conditions

37
Q

How a change in temperature or pH affects the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction

A

If pH is too high or too low the pH interferes with the bonds holding the enzyme together

This changes the shape of the active site and denatures the enzyme.

Raising temp increases reaction lowering temp decreases

38
Q

How enzymes speed up reactions

A

Reducing the activation energy increasing the rate of reaction

39
Q

How enzymes control metabolism

A

Enzymes lower the activation energies of chemical reactions

40
Q

Use the ‘lock and key theory’ to explain why the shape of the enzyme is vital for it to function

A

The substrate fits perfectly into the enzyme’s active site

41
Q

Why high temperatures and changes in pH prevent enzymes from catalysing reactions

A

High temperatures will break these forces

42
Q

What does stomach contain

A

Acid

43
Q

Where is bile produced

A

Liver

44
Q

Function of bile

A

Bile breaks up fats into tiny droplets, through a process called emulsification

45
Q

How bile increases the efficiency of fat digestion

A

Increases the rate of the lipase-catalysed reactions that break fats down

The tiny droplets have a higher surface area than the original fat drop

46
Q

How acid in the stomach increases the efficiency of pepsin

A

A low pH (1.5 to 2) activates pepsin

47
Q

How the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction shows how efficient the reaction is

A

The less substrate they need to reach half of their maximum speed, the more efficient they are

If Km is low enzyme is efficient

48
Q

Why the cells of multicellular organisms are organised into tissues, organs, and organ systems

A

Maintain the internal environment, keeping it steady and able to provide for the needs of the cells

49
Q

Structure of starch

A

Composed of long chains of glucose

50
Q

Structure of simple sugar

A

6 carbons

12 hydrogens

6 oxygens joined together through covalent bond

Hydrogens not at all bonded with oxygen

51
Q

Structure of lipids

A

A glycerol molecule and three fatty acids bonded together

52
Q

Structure of protein

A

Polymers of amino acids, formed by long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

53
Q

How to carry out food tests

A

Break up the food using a pestle and mortar

Transfer to a test tube and add distilled water

Mix food with water by stirring with a glass rod

Filter the mixture using a funnel and filter paper, collecting the solution

Check the colour of solution depending if there’s sugar or not

54
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A

Source of energy

55
Q

Function of protein

A

Growth and repair

56
Q

Function of lipids

A

They help with moving and storing energy

57
Q

Plan experiment to investigate how different catalysts affect the rate of a reaction

A

Add hydrogen peroxide into a conical flask

Use delivery tube to connect this flask to a measuring cylinder upside down in water trough

Add chosen catalyst into conical flask and close bung

Measure volume of gas produced in a fixed time using the measuring cylinder

58
Q

How to draw a tangent to a line and calculate the rate of a reaction with guidance

A

Draw a tangent to the curve at time = 0

This is the line drawn in red

Make tangent as large as possible

Calculate gradient of tangent = change in y/change in x

This equals the initial rate

59
Q

How to calculate the mean rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction

A

Rate = change ➗ time

Rate = amount of substrate used ➗ time

60
Q

Function of muscular tissue

A

Contracts to move whatever its attached to

61
Q

Function of glandular tissue

A

Makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones

62
Q

Cells

A

Basic building blocks that make up all living organisms

63
Q

What do muscular tissue, glandular tissue and epithelial tissue do in organ system

A

Muscular tissue - moves stomach wall to churn up food

Glandular tissue - makes digestive juices to digest food

Epithelial tissue - covers the outside and inside of the stomach

64
Q

How would you usually make a resction happen quicker

A

Raising temperature

65
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance which increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or used up in the reaction

66
Q

True or false

Enzymes usually only catalyse one specific reaction

A

True

67
Q

How does enzyme do fit in substrates

A

Active site changes shape a little as substrate binds to it to get a tighter fit

68
Q

At what pH does pepsin enzyme works best at

A

2 as it’s well suited to the acidic conditions

Biology (12 decks)

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