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Biology > B4 Blood Vessels And The Heart > Flashcards

B4 Blood Vessels And The Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main components in blood

A

Plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

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2
Q

Function of red blood cell

A

Carries oxygen and delivers it throughout our body

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3
Q

How red blood cells adapted to their function

A

They are small and flexible so they can fit through narrow vessels

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4
Q

Why do red blood cells need large surface area

A

For absorbing oxygen

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5
Q

Why does it help if blood cells don’t have nucleus

A

More room to carry oxygen

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6
Q

What is the structure of red blood cells?

A

Small

Disc-shaped

No nucleus

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7
Q

Function of white blood cell

A

Helps the body fight infection and other diseases

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8
Q

What is the structure of white blood cells?

A

They have a nucelus

Bigger than red blood cells

No definite shape

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9
Q

How white blood cells are adapted to their function

A

Can change shape to squeeze out of blood vessels

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10
Q

What can white blood cells produce

A

Antibodies and antitoxins

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11
Q

Name the 2 types of white blood cell and explain how they fight disease

A

Phagocytes - engulf (‘eat’) pathogens

Lymphocytes - create antibodies which destroy pathogens

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12
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessels

A

Arteries, veins, capillaries

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13
Q

Arteries

A

Carries blood pumped away from the heart

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14
Q

Veins

A

Returns blood to the heart

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15
Q

Capillaries

A

Allow fast exchange/diffusion of substances

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16
Q

Structure of an artery

A

Thick collagen, elastin & muscle wall

Narrow lumen

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17
Q

How does capillaries walls being 1 cell thick increase rate of diffusion

A

Decreases distance over which diffusion occurs

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18
Q

Why are artery walls thick

A

Have to withstand high blood pressure from the heart

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19
Q

Structure of vein

A

Thin muscle & elasin wall

Wide lumen

Have valves

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20
Q

Why do veins need bigger lumen then arteries

A

To help blood flow

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21
Q

Why do thick layers of muscle and elastic fibres help the arteries

A

Makes them strong and allows them to stretch and spring back

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22
Q

Why don’t veins need thick walls like arteries

A

Veins has lower blood pressure

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23
Q

Why do veins have valves

A

To help keep the blood flowing in the right direction

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24
Q

Structure of capillary

A

Very small blood vessel with thin-walled vessels composed of a single endothelial layer

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25
Q

Why do capillaries have permeable walls

A

So substances can diffuse in and out

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26
Q

Function of plasma

A

Takes nutrients, hormones and proteins to the parts of the body that need it

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27
Q

Stent

A

Tube constructed of a metallic alloy or a polymer

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28
Q

Statin

A

Drugs that can lower your cholesterol

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29
Q

Advantages of stents

A

Help blood flow

Stops heart attacks

Improve symptoms such as shotness of breath

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30
Q

Disadvantages of stents

A

Bleeding

Blood clot inside stent

Stroke

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31
Q

Advantages of statin

A

Reduce a person’s chance of having a heart attack or stroke

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32
Q

Disadvantages of statin

A

Dizziness

Feeling sick

Feeling physically tired

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33
Q

Function of platelets

A

To prevent and stop bleeding

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34
Q

Structure of platelets

A

Tiny fragments of cells

NO nucleus

They cause blood to clot

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35
Q

Where is the pancreas

A

Between stomach and large intestine

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36
Q

Where is the liver

A

Next to the stomach

Bigger than pancreas

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37
Q

Function of plasma

A

Takes nutrients, hormones and proteins to the parts of the body that need it

38
Q

What is the structure of blood plasma

A

Straw yellow liquid

39
Q

Where does a stent go

A

Tube which is inserted into a (blocked) coronary artery to widen the artery and allow more blood to flow.

40
Q

How is the thorax (top part of your body) separated from lower part

A

Separated by diaphragm

41
Q

Process of blood clotting

A

Constriction of the blood vessel

Formation of temporary platelet plug

Activation of coagulation cascade

Formatiom of final clot

42
Q

Importance of a double circulatory system

A

Ensures body always has a dedicated supply of oxygen

Improves body efficiency

43
Q

What is meant by humans having a ‘double circulatory system’?

A

The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place

The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body

44
Q

What is the double circulatory system made from

A

Heart, blood vessels and blood

45
Q

Ways in which the heart can stop functioning efficiently

A

High blood pressure

46
Q

Main structure of human heart

A

4 chambers

Left atrium and right atrium (top)

Left and right ventricles (bottom)

47
Q

Function of left and right ventricle

A

Right ventricle - pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

Left ventricle - recieves oxygen-rich blood from the lungs

48
Q

Function of left and right atrium

A

Right atrium - recieves oxygen-poor blood from the body

Left atrium - recieves blood full of oxygen from the lungs

49
Q

What are the 2 top chambers of the heart called

A

Left and right atria (singular atrium)

50
Q

What are the 2 bottom chambers of the heart called

A

Left and right ventricles

51
Q

What is your resting heart controlled by

A

Group of cells in the right atrium wall

52
Q

Describe the pathway of blood through the heart

A

Vena cava –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary artery –> Pulmonary vein –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta

53
Q

What type of blood do arteries (usually) carry?

A

Oxygenated blood

54
Q

What type of blood do veins (usually) carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood

55
Q

Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood into RHS of the heart?

A

Vena Cava

56
Q

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood into the LHS of the heart?

A

Pulmonary vein

57
Q

Function of heart

A

Pumps blood and oxygen around the body

Delivers waste products back to the lungs to be removed

58
Q

Examples of problems that can develop in blood vessels in the human heart

A

Angina

Heart attacks

Heart failure

59
Q

Why an irregular heartbeat is detrimental to health

A

Arrhythmias can damage the heart, brain or other organs

60
Q

Heart transplant

A

Replacement of a faulty/diseased heart with that of one donated by another person

61
Q

Why would someone use an artificial heart

A

If donor organs are not available

It is a mechanical device that can pump blood for a person who has a failed heart

62
Q

When would an artificial valve be used

A

When the valve becomes faulty this could prevent the valve from opening fully, or the heart valve might develop a leak

63
Q

Why people may have objections to heart transplants

A

If they are too ill or frail to cope with the surgery and aftercare

64
Q

What happens on alveoli

A

Gas exchanges

65
Q

How alveoli are adapted

A

Thin walls provide gases with a short diffusion distance

Moist walls - gases dissolve in the moisture

66
Q

What happens during gas exchange in lungs

A

When the blood reaches body cells oxygen is
released from the red blood cells and diffuses into the body cells

At the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the body cells into the blood it’s then carried back to the lungs.

67
Q

Name the 3 main ways of treating heart disease?

A

Statins

Heart transplant

Mechanical devices: valves, stents, pacemakers

68
Q

Pacemaker

A

Group of cells that maintain a heartbeat

69
Q

Desrcibe the process of ventilation

A

Movement of air through passages between the atmosphere and the lungs

70
Q

Function of valves in veins

A

Valves prevent the back-flow of blood

71
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygen and glucose for respiration

72
Q

How can blocked coronary arteries lead to heart disease

A

In coronary heart disease layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them

This reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle.

73
Q

How a natural pacemaker maintains the heart beat

A

Sinus node generates a new electrical impulse which spreads out through the heart’s upper chambers

74
Q

Diamater of red blood cell

A

Approximately 7 to 8 μm

              -6 7 to 8 x 10 m
75
Q

How to view blood under a light microscope and recognise components

A

Place a drop of blood onto a microscope slide

Add a drop of stain to the blood to make cells easier to see

Place coverslip over drop of blood

Sliding it slightly along the microscope slide will spread out the blood cells making them easier to see

76
Q

How would you estimate heart rate

A

Count number of beats in 15 seconds

Multiply this number by four to calculate beats per minute

77
Q

How is the structure of the heart related to its function

A

Right ventricle walls are thinner, as this ventricle only pumps blood a short distance to the lungs

Left ventricle, which has much thicker walls, to generate enough force to pump oxygenated blood throughout the rest of the body

78
Q

How an artificial pacemaker regulates an irregular heartbeat

A

Pacemakers send electrical pulses to help your heart beat at a normal rate and rhythm

79
Q

Why a person may need an artificial pacemaker or an artificial heart

A

To help your heart chambers beat in sync so your heart can pump blood more efficiently to your body

80
Q

Treatments of heart problems

A

Stents

Statin

Bypass surgery

81
Q

Best way to treat coronary heart disease

A

Stents

82
Q

How does oxygen travel to the blood (gas exchange system)

A

Air is breathed into lungs through the trachea (windpipe)

The trachea divides into two tubes called the bronchi

The bronchi divides into many tubes called bronchioles

The bronchioles divide until they end up in tiny air sacs called alveoli

83
Q

List main structures of gas exchange

A

Alveoli

Trachea

Bronchiole

Diaphragm

84
Q

Function of trachea

A

Allow passage of inspired and expired air into and out of the lung.

85
Q

Function of brionchiole

A

Delivers air to a diffuse network of around 300 million alveoli in the lungs

86
Q

Function of diaphragm

A

Helps you inhale and exhale (breathe in and out)

87
Q

Process of ventilation

A

Inhalation (breathing in)

Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses across thin walls of alveoli into the blood

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into alveoli to be exhaled

Exhalation (breathing out)

88
Q

Describe breathing in

A

Diaphragm contracts —–> chest cavity expands ——> air pressure drops ——–> air enters lungs

89
Q

Describe breathing out

A

Diaphragm relaxes —–> chest cavity contracts ——> air pressure rises ——–> air exits lungs

90
Q

Process of gas exchange

A

Air enters lungs

Oxygen diffuses into blood

Carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood

Oxygen transport

Carbon dioxide removal

91
Q

Explain the differences between the composition of inhaled and exhaled air

A

Inhaled air contains 21% oxygen
Exhaled air cintains 16% oxygen

Inaheld air contains 0.04% CO2
Exhaled air contains 4% CO2

Inhaled air contain 78% nitrogen
Exhaled air contain 78% nitrogen

Biology (12 decks)

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