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Biology > B2 Cell Division > Flashcards

B2 Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

How many chromosomes do human body cells have

A

46

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2
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes cells have

A

23

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

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4
Q

Why are chromosomes normally found in pairs

A

Body cells have 2 copies of each chromosome one from organism’s mother and one from it’s father

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5
Q

What do chromosomes contain

A

Large number of genes which control development of different characteristics

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6
Q

Why do cells divide

A

To produce new cells

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7
Q

Mitosis

A

The stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides

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8
Q

What do multicellular organisms use mitosis for

A

To grow or replace cells that have been damaged

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9
Q

3 steps of cell cycle

A

Growth

DNA replication

Mitosis

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10
Q

What happens during growth and DNA replication

A

Cell grows and increases amount of subcellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes

It then duplicates DNA so there’s 1 copy for each new cell

DNA copied and forms X-shaped chromosome

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11
Q

What happens during mitosis

A

Chromosome lines up at centre of cell

Cell fibres pull them apart

Chromosomes go opposite ends of cell

Nuceleus divides

Cytoplasm and cell membrane divode

Now have 2 new daughter cells with exact same DNA

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12
Q

Why genetic material must be doubled during mitosis

A

It’s important that the daughter cells have a copy of every chromosome

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13
Q

Describe a situation where mitosis is occurring

A

Replacing skin cells

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14
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA which controls part of a cell

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15
Q

Gamete

A

A reproductive cell of an animal or plant

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16
Q

Why mitosis is important for living organisms

A

Mitosis helps organisms grow in size and repair damages tissue

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17
Q

Differentiation

A

Process when a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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18
Q

What happens as cells change

A

They develop different subcellular structures and turn into different types of cells

This allows them to carry out specific functions

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19
Q

When does differentiation occur

A

As organism develops

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20
Q

In most animal cells when do animals lose their abilities to differentiate

A

Lost at an early stage

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21
Q

What are differentiated cells in mature animals mainly used for

A

Repairing

Replacing cells

22
Q

Growth

A

An increase in total mass of a cell

23
Q

Examples of specialised cells

A

Sperm cells, nerve cells, phloem and xylem cells

24
Q

Function and adaptation of sperm cells

A

To get male DNA to the femal DNA

Long tail and streamlined head

25
Q

Function and adaptation of nerve cells

A

Carry electrical signals

Are long and roundhead

26
Q

Function and adaptation of muscle cells

A

To contract quickly

Contain lots of mitochondria, multiple nuclei

27
Q

Function and adaptation of root hair cells

A

Absorbs water from the soil by osmosis

Large surface area increases rate of absorption, storage roots

28
Q

Function and adaptation of phloem cells

A

Moves food in plants

Have few subcellular structures, sieve tubes

29
Q

Function and adaptation of xylem cells

A

Transports water in plants

Hollow tube, strengthened by lignin

30
Q

Compare and contrast differentiation in plants and animals

A

Animals can differentiate in early stages of life

Plants can differentiate throughout their whole life

31
Q

Why plant clones are genetically identical to each other

A

Clones contain identical sets of genetic material in the nucleus

32
Q

How using tissue culture creates a clone of a plant

A

Sample of tissue is extracted then separated

Cells are cultured and grown with help of growth medium

These cells replicate and can be divided again

33
Q

Explain why it is easier to clone a plant compared to an animal

A

Plants are totipotent, meaning they can differentiate into any type of cell

Animal cells have more limited ability to differentiate

34
Q

How to clone a plant using apparatus correctly

A

A branch from the parent plant is cut off

Its lower leaves are removed

Stem is planted in damp compost

35
Q

Stem cell

A

A cell that is not differentiated

36
Q

Embryonic stem cell

A

A type of stem cell derived from early-stage embryo

37
Q

Adult stem cell

A

Type of stem cell found in various tissues of the body after development

38
Q

Differences between embryonic and adult stem cells

A

Embryonic cells found from embryos, adult cells found in various tissues

Embryonic cell can differentiate into any type of cell and adult cells can’t

39
Q

Advantages of adult stem cells

A

Less likely to cause immune rejection in treatments

They don’t involve destruction of embryos

40
Q

Disadvantages of adult stem cells

A

Harder to grow in laboratory

Only differentiate to limited number of cells

41
Q

Advantages of embryonic stem cells

A

Can differentiate into any type of cell

Can treat wide range of diseases

42
Q

Disadvantages of embryonic stem cells

A

Ethical concerns

Risk of immune rejection

43
Q

Ethical concerns of embryonic stem cells

A

People believe destroying an embryo is equivalent to taking a human life

People believe life starts at birth and an embryo is a life and so should be treated with as much respect as a fully developed human

Embryo has potential to be human killing it

44
Q

Why embryonic stem cells are useful for treating medical conditions

A

They are very useful for treating diseases because of their ability to become any cell type and their potential to regenerate damaged tissues

45
Q

Why adult stem cells are useful for treating medical conditions

A

They are useful as they can differentiate into specific cell types related to the tissue or organ where they’re found which is helpful for repairing and regenerating tissues

46
Q

Why are plant clones are produced in the agriculture industry

A

It allows a variety of a plant with desirable characteristics to be produced cheaply, quickly and on a large scale

47
Q

Ways that stem cells can be used to help medical conditions

A

Replace cells damaged by chemotherapy or disease

Serves as a way for the donor’s immune system to fight some types of cancer and blood-related diseases

48
Q

Use of stem cells

A

To treat conditions when bone marrow is damaged and no longer able to produce healthy blood cells

49
Q

How do prokaryotic cells replicate

A

Binary fission

50
Q

Therapuetic cloning
Steps 1-4

A

Human egg taken from donor

Remove egg nucleus

Insert patients DNA

Stimulate cell division

51
Q

Therapuetic cloning
Steps 5-7

A

Develop blastocyst

Extract stem cells

Differentiate cells

52
Q

What therapeutic cloning can be used for

A

Studying diseases

Diabetes treatment

Organ repair

Biology (12 decks)

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