Biological Explantion For Schizophrenia - Gene Flashcards
Twin study
MZ - Mono-zygotic:
-twin born from 1 fertilised egg separated = 2 identical twins (share 100% of gene
DZ - Dizygotic
-twin born from 2 fertilised egg = 2 similar twin (share 50% of gene)
Concordance rate
-probability of certain conditions present in both twins if one has it
-Gottesman - MZ schizo concordance rate 48%, DZ 17%, 48% of other MZ has schizo if other has it
Family study
Family members (parent + children) not just twins are compared on certain traits
Gottesman - closer genetic relatedness = increase risk of developing schizo (parent 6%, sibilings 9%, general population 1%)
Adoption study
Help overcome issue of shared environment -
Parent + twins in same environment that causes schizo for person that has it
Tiernari et al - adoptees with biological schizo mother 6.7% diagnosed schizo
2% adoptee diagnosed with no schizophrenia mum
-shows effect of shared environment reduced gene does play part
Schizophrenia is polygenic
O’Donovan et al - 108 locations in human genome link with schizophrenia. (83 not reported before). Sample = 80,000 + international. Some gene involved with brain issue and immune system involved with schizo.
-complement component 4, involve with synaptic pruning (removal of unnecessary neurone or synapse), process only happen naturally in teen
But actual cause still not discovered only areas involved
Epigenetics
The gene for schizo must be triggered by environment, otherwise MZ twins have 100% concordance rate, but it’s 20-45%. Factors such as stress of pollutant from environment.
Diathesis stress model
Combine gene + environment to explain schizophrenia
The schizo gene = diathesis, but only this will not cause illness
-only develop when environment trigger (stress) the gene for schizo (bad upbringing, brain injury)
-Genain quadruplets, dad is abusive but dad mother is schizophrenic
Evaluation strength - Causal relationship
Interactionist approach
Diathesis - schizo gene does not cause schizo (at risk + carrier) (nature)
Stress - require environmental factors (upbringing or pollutant)
Evaluation weakness - Research based on inheritability study
Twin + adopted children with schizophrenia are rare to find
-Gottesman 1% of population is schizo + 1.5% DZ, 0.5% MZ in uk
-> research hard to replicate so less research to compare = decrease reloability
Shared environment
Twins - may be treated similarly despite different personality or mistaken, some case copy sibling behaviour = lower validity
Family - similar environment as parent grew up or rough upbringing = lower validity
Evaluation weakness - Reductionist
-although gene play a part in schizo there are other factors
>Rosenthal - 4 identical children schizo with grandmother schizo, but parent mentally unstable. Dad is abusive + Irritable and lack of interest in other = rough upbringing may cause schizo
-> nurture also played as a variable