BIOL313Z revision Flashcards
1) Functioning
In biological sense, healthy, uninjured, growing and ageing well
-is a healthy animal always happy?
2) Emotions
Minimise suffering, maximise positive experiences
-can you measure emotional experience?
3) Telos (being itself)
promote natural behaviour. Adaptive expenditure is acceptable
4) Coping
Use markers e.g. hormones to decide whether animals are coping well/poorly.
Person
has a biographical sense of self and can construct a narrative about it
Near person
evidence they may consciously remember past/anticipate future; but no language
utilitarianism morality
ethical decisions should bring about the greatest ‘good’ , taking into account all affected (i.e. all sentient individuals)
utilitarianism
-Applies to any sentient being, one who can experience/feel suffering
-All are equal when considering similar interests
challenges in implementing utilitarianism
-difference between suffering and reacting to stimuli
-idea that one individual is replaceable by another
Principles of replacement and neutral killing
- Good life (negative v positive experiences)
- Instantaneous, painless death
- Not harming others (socially, emotionally)
- Not a ‘person’ or ‘near person’
- do not kill mother of young animal or vice versa
-batch killing
-humane killing
contractarianism
-idea of social contracting - make an agreement as a society about certain practices
-morality: set of rules to govern the interactions of rationale agents, who self-interestedly contract to them
animal rights
-giving all animals the benefit of the doubt, don’t have to prove suffering
-morality= experiencing subjects of life have inherent value; killing=deprivation
-inherent value cannot be traded off (deontological as opposed to consequential)
egalitarianism
everyone is equal
prioritarianism
prioritise those that have less
animal rights: challenges of implementation
-debate over rights in companion animals
-limits scope for egalitarianism/prioritarianism
Brambell report
1) freedom from hunger/thirst
2)freedom from discomfort
3) Freedom from pain, injury and disease
4) Freedom to express normal behaviour
5) Freedom from fear and distress
Respect for Nature §
-“Biocentric egalitarianism”
-not only wrong to cut down forest because sentiment beings live in it, but also because the forest itself exists
Relational
things you do for your own animal but not for someone else’s
ill treatment of cattle
-Treated more as a joke at the time
-Lead to the foundation of the RSPCA
-Ox, cow, heifer, steer, sheep ,other cattle
- didn’t include bulls because of bull baiting
Animal Welfare Act 2006
-combines over 20 pieces of legislation
-Introduce new welfare offence:
-not sufficiently looking after animals rather
than just injuring them
-Applied alongside ASPA
Intergovernmental agreements
-Treaties, conventions
-Countries sign up or not
-Can be bilateral or multilateral
-Must enshrine the convention in National legislation
CITES
-Convention on international trade in endangered species
-aim: to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants don’t threaten their survival
-Enshrined in Control of Endangered Species Regulation
EC Zoos Directive 1999
- Specifies regimes for licensing, inspection, record keeping and animal care
-Requires zoos to participate in conservation and education - Show benefit of keeping the animals
-Zoo licensing Act 1981 pre-dates directive
-Licensing authority: district council, zoo inspectors appointed by DEFRA
Regulation
-Stipulates what must be done
-No national interpretation
Council Regulation 1/2005/EC on the protection of animals during transport
-specifies
-specis to which it applies
-competencies of drivers
-distances and journey times
-who is in charge of loading
-absolute rules: no flexibility
statute law definition
Act of Parliament
statute law: how it occurs
-Told to the lords
-Meeting where it is discussed
-Committee stage: expert opinion, stakeholder consultation
-Report stage (3rd meeting) - amendments, vote
-if supported, goes to commons
-Second reading where its amended
-Royal ascent bill- act of parliament (law)
Statute law example UK
-Animal Welfare Act 2006
-Animal Welfare (Sentience Bill) 2022
-make provision for animal sentience
committee with functions relating to effect of
GOV policy on welfare of animals as sentient
beings
Key UK legislation
-1986 Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act
-Zoo licensing Act 1981 (Amendment)(England and Wales) Regulations 2002
-Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) Regulations 1995 (as amended)
-Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966
-Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
-Animal health act
Limitations and Private alternatives
Standards to maintain a certain animal welfare level need to be effective, enforceable and economically feasible
stress
Any intrinsic or extrinsic stimulus that alters physiological function
Stress response
The compensatory physiological mechanisms
Alternatives to blood sampling
-Heart rate
-Ventilation rate
-Body temperature
Stress-induced hyperthermia
Rapid, hormonally mediated cutaneous vasoconstriction and thermogenesis in response to stress, leading to an increase in core body temperature
Nociception
detection of a noxious stimulus
Peripheral mechanisms
The noxious stimulation of tissues
Central mechanisms
Unconscious nociceptive processing by the spinal cord and brain
Somatic
Skin, bone, muscles, tendons and other tissues
Visceral
The internal organs, e.g. the heart, lungs, alimentary canal and other reproductive organs
Neurogenic
Nerves, the spinal cord and brain because of abnormal processing of nervous activity
Acute
Immediately follows injury and disappears when the injury heals. Usually associated with quantifiable changes providing the body with protection from damage
Acute recurrence
Prolonged pain, such as cancer pain, has a definable cause and consists of repeated attacks of acute pain
Chronic
Prolonged, however, little agreement as to when recurring bouts of acute pain become chronic pain or how long pain lasts before being chronic. Quantifiable changes to the functioning of defensive body processes may not be seen
Chronic inflammatory pain
Occurs when healing persist beyond the expected time, due to infection or other inflammatory processes
Chronic neuropathic pain
may not have a well-defined onset and may not respond to treatments that are effective against acute or chronic inflammatory pain. It is sometimes defined as “intractable pain”
Non-noxious stimulus
-makes animal aware of the state of its body
-Stimulation travels along Aß nerve fibres
-Rarely produces pain unless sensitised by inflammation
Noxious stimulation
-Makes animal aware of stimuli that could do harm
-detected by Nociceptors free nerve ending of thin;
-Myelinated Aδ
-Unmyelinated C fibres
Peripheral detection: Two types of nociceptors
-High-threshold mechanoreceptors (HTM)
->mechanical deformation
-Polymodal nociceptors (PMN)
->inflammatory mediators
Sentience
The capacity to experience feelings and emotions
-both positive and negative
cognition
The process by which animals perceive, process and store information. An animals cognitive capacity has no bearing on their ability to suffer
Physiological responses
-Primarily mediated by autonomic system and hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis in mammals
-> Heart rate, vagal tone, blood pressure, respiration rate, sweating, neuroendocrine responses
Physiological responses in other vertebrates
-beak trimming and feather removal -> increased plasma corticosterone and heart rate
-Suncutaneous noxious chemical -> increased opercular beat rate and plasma corticol
Physiological responses in invertebrates
Higher brain serotonin and blood glucose levels in crayfish exposed to aversive [putatively painful] electrical fields, together with long term motivational changes
Movement away from noxious stimuli
-does not demonstrate pain as can be nociceptive reflex response
-e.g. high temperatures-> foot withdrawal in many species
Attentional shift
in humans, distraction can reduce amount of pain suffered
-Pain processing in the CNS requires application of conscious central attentional control
-Same has been shown in chickens, consistent with ability to focus awareness
The importance of triangulation
-No definite evidence of pain when criteria taken in isolation
-BUT together can show a level of behavioural complexity that would require some form of experience i.e, sentience
Four categories of behaviour
1) Normal
2) Natural
3) Unnatural
4) Abnormal
Stereotypy
“repetetive, unvarying and apparently functionless Behaviour”
stricter stereotypy definition
“repetetive behaviour induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope and/or CNS (Brain) dysfunction”
Stereotypy birds
-Perch hopping
-Route tracing
-Self injury
-Feather plucking
Stereotypy giraffes/other ruminants
-object licking
-tongue rolling
-pacing
stereotypy primates
-rocking
-head toss
-swaying
-spinning
-self manipulation
-hair plucking
-regurgitation and reingestion
Stereotypy elephants
-swaying
-weaving
-head-bobbing
-trunk swinging
-foot lifting
stereotypy carnivores
-Pacing
-weaving
circling
-head toss
stereotypy reptiles/amphibians/fish
-stereotypic swimming
-surface breaking
-absence of normal behaviour
-decreased activity levels
polar bears pacing
-more enrichment = less pacing
-more bears in exhibit = less pacing
-view out of enclosure = less pacing
stereotypy causes: frustration
“internal staes induced by the captive environment and/or cues external to the animal, persistently trigger or motivate a specific behavioural response”
stereotypy cause: malfunction
-Sustained stress
-CNS dysfunction
-Persevation, stuck-in-set
-Early environmental conditions
-isolation or hand rearing
-CNS dysfunction - cognitive deficits
Motivation
-what compels an animal to do what it does?
-affected by internal and external drivers
-“the process within the brain controlling which behaviours and physiological changes occur and when”
-motivations can be positive or negative
Motivated behaviours
-Animals are highly motivated to perform certain behaviours
-Restriction of motivated behaviours can lead to frustration
-so called ‘ecological’ or ‘behavioural’ needs
-animals can suffer due to ‘thwarting of specific behavioural patterns’ (Dawkins)
how to test what an animal wants/needs
-observe preferences in the wild
-monitor behaviours when animals are deprived of resources
-approach and avoidance tests
-preference tests/choice tests
-motivation tests
choice tests
-give animals the choice between different resources or environments
-idea that animals make choices in their own best interest, so knowing these choices can help us provide resources that are beneficial for welfare
operant tests
-animal trained to perform an operant response to obtain a resource
-if an animal is willing to perform an operant response for the resource, it must be motivated to achieve that resource
-greater number of responses, stronger the motivation
motivation tests
-choice and deprivation tests don’t tell us about the strength of the motivation for something
-test motivation by assessing how much ‘work’ an animal will put in to obtain a resource
-E.g. laboratory rabbits will push weighted doors to access resources
motivation tests with a baseline comparison
-can compare responses in a motivation test with responses to a resource of known value e.g.food
-silver foxes trained to pull a loop to open a door
-certain number of pulls required to gain
access
-compare max price paid to enter chamber
with other fox or with food
-highly motivated for food (mean:1632 pulls)
behavioural engineering
-restore contingency between appetitive behaviour and consummatory behaviour
-artifical means are necessary to provide stimulation
-the devices may be very ‘unnatural’ as long as they fullfill a function: ‘behavioural need’
types of enrichment
- social
- occupational
- physical
- sensory
- nutritional
social enrichment
- contact : own species and other species
-Non-contact: visual, auditory and human, non-human
physical enrichment
-enclosure : size and complexity
-accessories : internal. external, permanent, temporary
sensory enrichment
-visual: mirror, view, complexity
-auditory: habitat, con-specific, artificial
-other: smell, taste, touch
occupational enrichment
-psychological: puzzles, etc
-exercise: runs, devices
nutritional enrichment
-delivery: frequency, presentation
-type: novel, variety, treats
problems with enrichment
-Cost, time, effort
-Physical and disease risks
-variability bad for experiments
difficulty in maintaining novelty
-not always good evidence that it works
-little functional relevance to animals
-used as ‘sticking plaster’
-can be harmful
S.P.I.D.E.R
- Setting goals
- Planning
- Implementing
- Documenting
- Evaluating
- Re-adjusting
welfare markers of happiness
-play behaviour
-affiliative behaviour (allo-grooming)
-self-grooming
-social licking
-voclaistations
-exploration/inquisitiveness
-synchronisation of behaviour with others
challenges of using welfare markers of happiness
-infrequent behaviours
-behaviours shown by some individuals e.g. play in young animal
-less clearly understood/mixed effects
anticipatory behaviour
-may be a positive indicator of welfare
-anticipatory behaviour is an indicator if an animals sensitivity to reward and as such it is a real time indicator of an animals own perceptions of their well-being
emotion
subjective component
+
behavioural component
+
physiological component
+
cognitive component
what is the function of emotions
-arise in biologically important situations i.e. that
->influence survival
->influence reproductive success
-emotions might provide a ‘common currency’ to guide behavioural decisions to achieve survival goals
emotions
= short lived, occur in response to specific stimuli
mood
= long lasting, results from accumulation of short-term emotions
attention bias
attention allocation preferably towards certain information than other
Affect-driven decision bias in non-human animals
Phase 1 : training
-Rats
-2kHz: press a lever
-allows positive event to happen
(delivery of a 45-mg food pellet
-4kHz: Refrain from pressing the lever
-Prevents negative event to happend
(30s of 70dB white noise)
Phase 2: affective state manipulation
-Unpredictable housing (chronic mild stress)
-Rats in a comparatively more negative
affective state display cognitive ‘pessimism”
-OR predictable housing
Affect driven decision bias in non-human animals
-Robust results overall BUT variations between studies (methodological variations in cues, tasks, measures)
-BUT limitations
-Feasibility e.g. time and labour
-Trainability of animals e.g. stereotypic
behaviour reduces learning
-Response other than affect influence results
e.g. personality affects JBT in dogs
Advantages of assessing attention bias in animals
-Based on innate behaviour
->advantage of little training
->test on more animals in shorter period of time
-Understanding attentional processes valuable as important role in other cognitive functions
attention bias to social information in macaques
-Macaques show attention bias to negative social information (threat face)
->in normal (positive) condition AB to threat face
->After stressful (veterinary) treatment AB away from threat face
->Attention is modulated by emotional state
Companion animals: species involved
-species from several phyla (chordata, arthropoda, Mollusca)
-more than 1200 species of fish are imported into the UK annually
-One aviculturalist has bred in captivity 122 of the c350 species of psittacine birds
-9families of reptiles are kept as companion animals in the UK
History of animal protection laws
-Act to prevent cruel & improper treatment of cattle 1822
-The protection of animals act 1911-2000; covers any domestic or captive animal- and farm animals
-pet animals act 1951- protects welfare of animal sold as pets: licences pet shops
-abandonment of animals act 1960
-animal boarding establishments act 1963- licensing
-breeding of dogs act 1973, 1991, 1999
action plan for animal welfare 2021
-sentience and enforcement
-international trade and advocacy
-farm animals
-pets and sporting animals
-wild animals
1.Animals to which the act applies
-vertebrate (but can be amended easily)
-animal must be capable of suffering-sentience
2.protected animal
-domesticated
-under control of man
-not wild
3.responsibility for animals
-person caring for animal permanent or temporary
-no one under 16 can be responsible for animal
prevention of harm
- unnecessary suffering
- mutilation
- docking of dogs tails
-a vet can dock the tail of a certified working
dog <5 days old - administration of poisons etc
- fighting etc
- duty of person responsible for animal to ensure welfare
-suitable environment diet etc
-exhibit normal behaviour
-protected from pain suffering etc
-housed with or apart from other animals
- transfer of animals by way of sale or prize to persons under 16
-cannot sell animals to anyone under 16 or allow them to win one- goldfish prize
- regulations to promote welfare
power of authorities to make regulations
Exotic pet
wild animal kept in captivity in a domestic setting for purpose of interest, entertainment or companionship
problem - exotic pets
-how are they kept- veterinary support, nutrition, housing etc
-are they traded in a manner consistent with their welfare- transport, capture
-endangered- are they captive bred, wild caught
-set free- invasive species
fish
-majority of marine fish in the uk taken from wild
-tropical freshwater fish farmed in Singapore, Thailand
reptiles
-1.7 million reptiles CITES protected imported into the EU
-Transport standards have improved
-collected from wild in many cases
Birds
-exporting countries include, Guyana, Indonesia, Ghana, Nigeria
-Some captive bred birds also imported from abroad
selective breeding: species involved
-Birds: pigeons, budgies, canaries, finches
-Dogs: many breeds- selection for size, shape, colour
-Horses: ‘Arab’ breed
-Rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs: many breeds- selection for size, shape, colour
The ‘Arab’ breed
all thoroughbreds can be traced back in the male line to one of three imported founding stallions, the Godolphin Arabian, the Byerly Turk and the Darley Arabian
Cavalier King Charles spaniel
-modern breed descended from about six animals
-hereditary mismatch of brain and skull design, resulting in inadequate skull capacity
-associated with chronic, sever neck pain
Brachyphely
-mainly cats and dogs, becoming common in a range of other species (rabbits etc)
-airway narrow or partially blocked
-windpipe often deformed or narrow
-cannot cool by panting so easily
nostrils may be blocked
-leads to heart problems
-tooth problems
-eye and skin problems
-problems giving birth
Scottish fold cats
-Osteochondrodysplasia developmental abnormality that affects cartilage throughout the body
-Abnormal ear shape in Scottish fold cats
-affects limb bones, causing severe distortion of limb bone shape and arthritis
-as young as 7 weeks, persists throughout life
-cause crippling lameness and serious chronic pain
-no cure
-cessation of breeding from folded ear cats would eliminate problem
non-conformational disorders
due to inbreeding, small populations
conformational disorders
due to shape, morphology that is specifically bred for
obesity
-77% of vets believe the prevalence of obesity has increased
-50% of dogs are overweight or obese
-43% of cats are overweight or obese
-31% of small mammals are overweight or obese
-9% of pet birds are overweight or obese
Wildlife and countryside act 1981
-wild birds, nests and eggs protected
-licenses issued by natural England so landowners or ‘authorised person’ can take action against certain species for a specific reason
-injured bird can be treated if released afterward
-an offence to intentionally disturb certain birds when nesting
-endangered species such as red squirell protected
-some methods to kill are prohibited: self-locking snares
-offence to release non-native animals
CITES
-convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora
-global treaty to regulate worldwide trade in endangered and threatened wildlife
-can’t trade in most endangered species for commercial reasons
-closely control trade of species that could become threatened
-member countries can request species to be included in trade regulations
wild animal welfare : main problems
-human-wildlife conflict (including lethal and non-lethal approaches to control)
-wildlife management (reintroduction, translocation, culling, rehabilitation)
-hunting- methods and disturbance
-wildlife trade (including for use as pets)
-disturbance through habitat degradation, enrichment, tourism and destruction
-incidental accidents and disease
how can we assess welfare?
-behaviour
-physiology
-disease
-population statistics
breeding success
*Monitor population, brood/litter, surviving offspring
*Look at nest/litter abandonment (indirect measure)
–Could be invasive (which would add to
disturbance), will depend on species
–May only show effect when problem
advanced
–Issues with wintering grounds for
migratory species
Mate choice
*Can they choose (e.g. cichlids)
*Measure development of signals (e.g. colouration)
*Measure transmission of signals (e.g. great tits)
–Complex to study, experiments
needed
–Hard to compare populations/
species
–Long term effect unclear
Avoidance
*Numbers of individuals in different areas
*Flight distance
*Vigilance rates
–Availability of alternative areas (different
social systems, food type)
–Time of year effects unclear
–Type of disturbance may be important
Foraging success
*Prey caught
*Body weight
*Feeding rate of young
*Energy content of food
–Rate may increase if food poor
–Intensive/difficult to measure
Stress response
*Production of stress hormones
*Heart rate
*Body condition
*Parasite load/disease
*Thermal imaging
*Infanticide
–Technology and expense
–Species comparisons difficult
–Issue of where level should be seen as detrimental
Disturbance: main issues
- Human developments
- recreational activity/tourism
- invasive species/disease
Light polution :sea turtles
*6 of 7 sea turtle species endangered
–Hatchlings locate ocean using moon on sea
–Get distracted by artificial lights on shore
–Go in wrong direction!
-Research on sensory biology of turtles showed that they are less attracted to yellow/red light
-Replace lights near beaches with ‘bug’ lights
-You can buy turtle friendly lighting
Reproductive success: Adelie penguins
-Nest checking: visited every second day for 15 min
-Disturbance: one person m from the perimeter of the colony while a 2nd person moved 3 times per day
-measure heart rate during disturbance using egg dummy
Foraging success: Brown (Grizzly) bears
*Increase in bear watching tours
*Bears may perceive humans as a risk and
respond with typical anti-predator behaviour, such as vigilance or displacement
–Overall females compensated for changes and showed no reduced food intake
–Males however did show reduced foraging (they are larger than ♀)
Tourism: Sea Otters Monterey Bay
-Area with lots of kayakers & tour boats
-People come to see otters
-Otters only just recovering population
-What effect does the disturbance have upon the -otters
otters: what disturbs most?
-Direct approach by kayak
-Noise on the boat
-Coming too close
-Large tour boats which are noisy stay far away
-Kayaks main problem
otters: tourism solution
-Get local kayak operators on board
-Provide laminated sheet on front of kayak
-Education before kayakers set off
CTA/Aversive Conditioning: non-lethal
-training
*tiger predation upon humans
mannequin and electric shock
*coyotes upon lambs
*raccoon on chickens, foxes on
chickens etc
*egg predation in rats, magpies,
carrion crows
*reducing feeding damage in badgers
Red deer
-Hormonal measurements, blood chemistry, comparison with other exertions
-Extensively hunted deer did not differ from severely injured deer in measures of muscle disruption
-In hunted deer measures of red blood cell damage and psychological stress were higher
-Welfare costs associated with hunting higher than stalking
Chytrid fungus in amphibians: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
-Resistant species e.g. bullfrog, clawed frog are a major concern because they are carriers ofBd
-Global trade in amphibians for food, for use as laboratory animals, or for use as pets or display animals is responsible for movement ofBdto locations where it was not previously present
how many animals were used in research in UK 2022
2.7 million procedures
what research do animals benefit
-biomedical research
-advances in science
-veterinary research
-animal welfare research
-environmental research
Basic research
procedures designed to study structure, functioning and behaviour of living organisms. these include studies of toxicology
regulatory research
procedures carried out to satisfy legal requirements in producing substances, materials, chemicals, including the testing of their safety and other types of testing
transpirational/applied research
procedures designed to address human and animal disease include experiments to develop drugs and treatments
ethics: utilitarian approach
all are equal but greatest good should prevail
Batesons cube: high suffering
-always unacceptable
-regardless of importance of research and likelihood of benefit
Batesons cube: moderate suffering
-unacceptable except
-if importance of research and likelihood of benefit are both high
Batesons cube: low suffering
-acceptable
-if importance of research and/or likelihood of benefit are high
protected animal
Any living vertebrate, other than human, and any living cephalopod
When is an animal protected?
❖Embryonic and foetal forms of mammals, birds & reptiles: once they have reached the last third of their gestation or incubation period
❖Larval forms of fish and amphibians: once they are capable of feeding independently
❖Cephalopods: from the point when they hatch
What is a regulated procedure?
-carried out on a protected animal for a scientific or educational purpose
-may cause animal a level of pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm, equivalent to or higher than that caused by inserting a hypodermic needle according to good veterinary practice
What is not a regulated procedure?
-Non-experimental clinical veterinary practices
* Particularly when intervention offers
direct benefit to the animal (see Royal College
of Veterinary Surgeons for more information).
-Veterinary clinical trials
* E.g. withholding treatment
-Non-experimental agricultural practice
* E.g normal husbandry changes
Identifying animals
* E.g. ringing, tagging, microchipping
Humane killing for a scientific purpose
Local ethical review committees (LERC)
- A local ethical review is performed for projects that may use animals for work that is not defined as procedural or uses animals indirectly e.g. video
- consists of peer review undertaken by the committee Chair with help and advice from a relevant academic, Biological services unit manager and/or a welfare officer.
Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
❖ Protected animals [‘Any living vertebrate, other than man, and any living cephalopod’] from unjustified harm
❖ Protection of researchers performing approved experimentation from prosecution under other animal welfare legislation
A(SP)A licenses required
- The person
- The project
- The place
- All licences are granted by the Secretary of State after relevant training and the submission of relevant documentation
The Place: ‘Establishment Licence’ (PEL):
- Provide leadership
- Ensure compliance
- Ensure staffing
- Set up an Animal Welfare and Ethical Review
Body - Make sure the named persons in place and
trained - Ensuring animals care and accommodation
- Countersigning project licence applications
- Record keeping (including historic)
- Identification of animals
The Place: Named Persons specified by the PEL
- NACWO (Named Animal Care and Welfare officer): overseeing the welfare and care of the animal
- NIO (Named Information Officer): Ensuring that those dealing with the animals have access to the information they need.
- NTCO (Named Training and Competency Officer): Ensuring those dealing with the animals are adequately educated trained and supervised.
- NVS (Named Veterinary Surgeon): Trained vet with specialty in laboratory animal medicine to advise on animal health and welfare
The Project: ‘Project Licence’ (PPL)
‘ A licence granted by the Secretary of State specifying a programme or work and authorising the application, as part of that program, of specified regulated procedures to animals of specified description at a specified place’
The Project application must:
- Specify the programme of work
- Specify the:
* Regulated procedures
* The animals
* The place or places - Include other information as the Secretary of State reasonably requires
- Include information on the matters of Annex VI of the animals directive
The Project Annex VI
- Relevance and justification of:
* Use of animals including their origin
* Estimated numbers
* Life stages
* Procedures - Use of pain relief
- Use of humane end-points
- Experimental and statistical design; reduce numbers
- Reuse of animals and cumulative suffering
- Severity of procedures
The Project Annex VI continued
- Avoidance of unjustified duplication of procedures
- Husbandry conditions
- Euthanasia
The Person: ‘Personal Licence’ (PIL)
Those carrying out a procedure must hold a ‘personal licence’, which authorises them to apply those procedures to specified animals, initially under supervision until the have demonstrated competence.
Replacement
❖ Methods which avoid or replace the use of Animals
❖ Full replacement: Use of human volunteers, tissues and cells, mathematical and computer models, established cell lines.
❖ Partial replacement: Use of some animals that, based on current scientific thinking, are not considered capable of experiencing suffering: invertebrate and immature forms of vertebrates
Reduction
❖ Methods which minimise the number of animals used per experiment
❖ Good experimental design:
❖ Unbiased (randomised, blinding)
❖ Sample size based on power
❖ Wide applicability via a factorial design
❖ Maximising the information gathered per animal in an experiment
❖ Sharing data and resources
Refinement
❖ Methods which minimise suffering and improve animal welfare
❖ Choice of species: Is the species and strain chosen the most appropriate for the particular studies? Could the adverse effects be reduced by using a different strain or species, without compromising the science?
Refinement: welfare
❖ Housing and husbandry:
❖ Procedures itself
- using appropriate anaesthesia and
analgesia to minimise pain,
- habituation,
- training animals to cooperate,
- use non-invasive measures if possible
❖ Humane endpoints and killing methods
who takes responsibility to apply the 3Rs
❖ Establishment Licence Holder
-must ensure regulated activities carried out
consistent with 3Rs
-AWERB and named persons help ELH
❖ Project Licence Holder: will only be granted after a cost benefit analysis
❖ Personal Licence holder:
-act at all times in a manner that is consistent
with the principles of 3Rs
