BIOL227Z: Animal Health and Welfare Flashcards
1
Q
abiotic environmental factors
A
temperature
light
oxygen/air
humidity
nutrients
2
Q
biotic environmental factors
A
predators
parasites
competitors
prey
mates
offspring
3
Q
thermoneutral zone
A
the range of ambient temperatures where the body can maintain its core temperature solely through regulating dry heat loss, i.e., skin blood flow
4
Q
consequences of heat
A
increased water loss
decreased food consumption
5
Q
why is disease prevention in animals important?
A
animal welfare
zoonoses
sustainability
profitability
disruption to ecosystems
6
Q
non cellular agents of infectious disease
A
prions and viruses
7
Q
cellular agents of infectious disease
A
bacteria
fungi
protists
helminths
arthropods
8
Q
key stages of an infection
A
source of infection
mode of transmission
host species and natural reservoirs
9
Q
to cause disease a pathogen must;
A
gain entry
colonise and multiply
cause damage to host
complete the cycle
10
Q
gaining entry
A
through puncture wounds
cornea of the eye
mucosal epithelia
11
Q
main routes of transmission
A
respiratory
saliva
water/food
genital
faecal-oral route
vectors
12
Q
transmission success
A
number of organisms shed
survival outside of host
infective dose
host susceptibility
13
Q
effect of parasites depends on
A
parasite numbers
immune status of host
14
Q
signs of disease
A
- changed in feeding/drinking
- changes in general behaviour
- faeces
- urine
- vomiting
- appearance of skin/coat
- coughing
- temperature
- respiratory rate
- pulse rates
15
Q
foot and mouth disease
A
- notifiable disease
- effects bovids, sheep, goats, pigs, antelope, deer
- outbreaks in 1967, 2001 and 2007
- airborne spread
16
Q
cattle foot and mouth disease symptoms
A
- fever
- lameness
- sores/blisters on feet, mouth and tongue
- respiration rate increase
- shivering
- slobbering/lip smaking
- reduced milk yield
17
Q
avian influenza symptoms chickens
A
- drop in egg production
- swollen heads
- dullness
- loss of appetite
- death
18
Q
avian influenza
A
- notifiable disease
- spread through faeces and contaminated objects
19
Q
Zoonoses
A
disease that is transmissible between vertebrate animals and humans
20
Q
notifiable zoonoses
A
- anthrax
- tuberculosis
- avian flu
- swine flu
- rabies
21
Q
multisystem zoonoses
A
vector transmits infection from animal to human
22
Q
single system zoonoses
A
direct transmission from animal
23
Q
Animals (Scientific Procedures Act) 1986
A
Vertebrates and cephalopodes
Research/Regulated procedures
24
Q
Animal Welfare Act (2006)
A
applies to all vertebrates (pets, farms, zoo)
5 welfare needs
duty of care
licensing and registration requirements
25
Protection of Animals Act (1911)
Prevention of cruelty, pain or suffering to animals
largely superseded by the Animal Welfare act
26
EU: DIRECTIVE 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes
*3 Rs:replacement, reduction, refinement
*3 Licences:establishment, personal, project
*3 Accounts: Animal checks, Annual returns, Non-technical summaries
27
lab animals Housing standards
Holding rooms, procedure rooms Service rooms
Enclosure/Cage design: Enclosure, Floors, Roofs
Water, Food
Bedding
Enrichment
Quarantine
Biosecurity
28
lab animals Environmental standards
Temperature
Ventilation,
Lighting
Humidity
Noise
Odour
29
lab animals Care standards
Health
Enclosures
Enrichment
Feeding, Watering
Resting, Sleeping
Cleaning
Handling
30
lab animals Record keeping
-Individual records (groups for e.g. small fish)
-Daily records of food & water
-Daily checks of health and welfare
-Records of cleaning schedule
31
procedure records
-When animals were tested
-Pain & suffering: -lower or higher than expected
-humane endpoints: animals euthanized because of pain/suffering in a procedure
-Records of animals died for other/unknown causes
32
Routine husbandry tasks that could cause stress : ZOO ANIMALS
Hoof trimming/nail clipping
Separating an individual
weighing
Transport
33
What aspects of veterinary work cause animal stress
Giving medication
Giving food by feeding tubes
Blood sampling
Ultrasound examination
Fluid therapy
Prolonged isolation for treatment
Wound care
anaesthesia
quarantine
34
prevention of Disease
*Good waste disposal
* Pest and parasite control
* Vaccination
* Prophylactic treatment
* Biosecurity
35
detection of Disease
* Observation of clinical signs
* Body condition scores and weight
* Blood for haematology, biochemistry, serology and PCR testing
* Imaging
* Faecal samples to look for parasites and
bacteria.
* Samples of tissues for histology, cytology, culture, electron microscopy, genetic material
* Blood samples for antibodies, antigens, genetic material
36
Fear
negative emotional state triggered by the perception of an actual danger (specific stimulus)
37
Anxiety
Longer-lasting negative emotional state induced by the perception of a potential danger (no specific triggering stimulus)
38
reasons to limit fear responses
Ethical reasons
Can confound research results
Reduced attractiveness
Increased dangerousness
39
Fear-inducing stimuli / situations
General characteristics of the event
Specific stimuli in relation to evolutionary history
Conditioned fear
40
How to reduce fear?
Make the environment less scary
Make the animal less easily scared
41
internal drives to perform behaviours
Instinctive, intrinsic propensity to perform the behaviour whatever the environment is like
e.g. hiding in prey species even in safe environments
42
Externally driven behaviours
Induced by the animal’s external circumstances
e.g. hiding because of external stimuli perceived as threatening
43
How to identify behaviours animals are motivated to perform?
Experimentally induce frustration and observe behavioural changes
Assess animals’ preferences
44
Stereotypic behaviours
‘Repetitive behaviour induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope and/or C.N.S. (brain) dysfunction’
e.g. bar-chewing
45
How to reduce frustration?
Environmental enrichment
46
Anterior
toward the head
47
Posterior
toward the tail
48
Cranial
head region
49
Caudal
tail region
50
Dorsal
back (top) region
51
Ventral
“belly” (underside) of the body
52
Medial
toward the median line
53
Distal
away from the centre of origin
54
Proximal
toward the centre of origin
55
Aquaculture
The production of aquatic animals (and plants) under controlled conditions
56
Polyculture
complex recreation of ecosystems
57
Polyculture
complex recreation of ecosystems
58
Signs of distress, pain, suffering (fish)
respiratory frequency increase
speed and direction swimming changes
excessive activity
different body positions
attempt to escape or immobility
loss of appetite and slow growth
body condition loss
lesions
fin erosion
59
How to minimise stress
* Ensure appropriate stocking densities
* Ensure good quality water
* Disease preventions/treatment
* Enrichment
* Minimise noise
* Minimise handling and other interactions
* Modify rearing water salinity
* Best practice
* Humane slaughter
60
The Brambell Report (1965)
freedom “to stand up, lie down, turn around, groom themselves and stretch their limbs.”
61
The Five Freedoms (Farm Animal Welfare Council, 1979)
* Freedom from hunger or thirst
* Freedom from discomfort
* Freedom from pain, injury or disease
* Freedom to express normal behaviour
* Freedom from fear and distress
62
causes of stress in fish
pH
Noise
Transportation
Chemical difference in tank to what they're used to
63
active defence (response to fear)
get aggressive, fight back
64
active avoidance
getting away from what's causing fear
hiding
65
positive avoidance
freezing response, common in rodents
66
cycranids
most don't have a stomach
67
marine fish
- constantly losing water to the environment
- drink a lot
- adaptation allowing water to go past stomach to prevent neutralising pH of stomach acid
68
pepsin
digestive enzyme in stomach
69
oxynticopeptic cells
secrete HCL and pepsin in fish
70
intestinal bulb
holds food before digestion in fish
71
mucosal folds (fish)
- increase surface area of the intestine
- one cell thickness
- blood vessels and nutrient absorbers
72
biolsalts (fish)
- from gallbladder
- emulsify fats in the intestine
73
artificial diet
created to meet nutritional needs of specific species
74
SGR
specified growth rate
75
protein in fish
- amino acid content matters more
- don't want proteins to be used as energy as they are an expensive resource
76
catfish protein levels
28-44%
77
carp protein levels
28-45%
78
tilapia protein levels
26-40%
79
salmon protein levels
40-48%
80
european seabass protein levels
45-50%
81
essential fatty acids needed for; (fish)
brain function
immunology
- don't have ability to produce omega 3 so must eat it
82
descartes
-16th century
-thought animals were like machines
-ideas on animals having feelings wasn't considered
83
Kant
-18th century
-how people treat animals reflects their true nature
-relating animals feelings to ours
-bear baiting was banned in same time period
84
Bentham
-18th century
-started to think about shared experience of suffering
85
RSPCA
-formed in 1824
-a lot of things had been happening to animals in victorian era
-things banned included in cruelty to animals act
86
Ruth Harrison
-1964
-discussed intensive farming and if it was right to expose animals to these conditions
87
Utilitarianism
* All with similar interests are equal
* decision made would be based on which presented the greatest good
* considered animals as equals to humans
88
Utilitarianism decision cube
-3 different axis
-likelihood of benefit
-how confident you are that research will be successful or beneficial
-if research is really important, theory will allow for moderate suffering
89
animal rights view
-moral rights
-in philosophy having a right is respected
- animal needs to have certain things
- animal has awareness of their individual welfare, subject of a life
-if animal has subject of a life, their life has value and therefore they must be protected
90
different 'fives'
-freedoms: 1979
-needs: 2006
-freedoms: 2015
-domains
91
five domains
- dynamic approach
- mental component throughout
- considers negative and positive effects of each domain
