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ABW > BIOL204Z: Principles of conservation biology > Flashcards

BIOL204Z: Principles of conservation biology Flashcards

1
Q

deleterious

A

a mutation with a negative effect

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2
Q

demographic stochasticity

A

population more vulnerable to random fluctuations in births, deaths, migration, emmigration and disease

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3
Q

reduced genetic diversity

A

population has lower adaptive potential and carries a higher genetic load

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4
Q

4 examples of habitat alteration

A

climate change
geological
catastrophe
human influence

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5
Q

what would be useful to know to inform conservation strategies?

A

genetic diversity
gene flow between populations
effective population size
extent of inbreeding

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6
Q

Define deme

A

any local group of individuals that mate at random

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7
Q

Describe gene flow

A

the exchange of genetic information between demes through migration and subsequent breeding

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8
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

A change in allele frequencies caused by random events due to sampling effects

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9
Q

biotic factors of extinction

A

competition
predation
parasitism
disease

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10
Q

main cause of extinction

A

habitat loss/alteration and isolation

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11
Q

Diversity is maintained by?

A

a balance of speciation

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12
Q

effective population size

A

the size of an ideal population

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13
Q

environmental stochasticity

A

Random variations in the environment that directly affect birth and death rates

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14
Q

Inbreeding

A

mating of closely related individuals

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15
Q

Outbreeding

A

mating between individuals that are not closely related

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16
Q

minimum viable population (MVP)

A

The smallest population size at which a species is able to sustain its numbers and survive.

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17
Q

population viability analysis (PVA)

A

an estimate of the expected time of extinction of a population with given characteristics or the chance of its dying out over a specified interval

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18
Q

evolutionary processes that affect genetic diversity

A

selection
mutation
gene flow
genetic drift

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19
Q

Mutation

A

change in a DNA sequence or chromosome in the transmission of genetic information from parent to progeny

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20
Q

Selection

A

differential contribution of genotypes to the next generation due to differences in survival and reproduction

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21
Q

different types of selection

A

Directional, stabilizing, disruptive, diversifying, balancing, frequency/density-dependent, heterozygote advantage and heterozygote disadvantage

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22
Q

genetic load

A

the reduction in a population’s mean fitness compared with the mean fitness that would be found in a theoretical population that has not accumulated deleterious alleles

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23
Q

what does a mutation do in a population?

A

maintains/increases variation in a population

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24
Q

types of mutation

A

deletion, insertion, substitution

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25
Q

Loci

A

different sites/locations on chromosomes which may or may not be coding genes

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26
Q

Allele

A

any one sequence variant at any one locus

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27
Q

Genotype

A

the alleles present at the locus/loci being screened

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28
Q

phenotype

A

genotype + any environmental influence

29
Q

polymorphic locus

A

a locus that has more than one allele

30
Q

monomorphic or fixed locus

A

the same allele at the locus in a population

31
Q

allele frequency

A

the relative proportion of an allele in a population

32
Q

geneotypic frequency

A

the relative proportion of any particular genotype in the population

33
Q

average heterozygosity (H)

A

the sum of the proportions of heterozygotes at all loci/total number of loci sampled

34
Q

allelic diversity

A

average number of alleles per locus

35
Q

allelic richness

A

the number of alleles per locus standardised for unequal sample size

36
Q

% polymorphic loci

A

number of loci that are polymorphic over all loci sampled

37
Q

nucleotide diversity (pi)

A

For sequence data, the proportion of differences between sequences, expressed as a function the length of DNA compared

38
Q

Haplotype

A

combination of alleles at loci that are found on a single chromosome or mtdna molecule

39
Q

Types of genetic markers

A

Microsatelites
AFLPS
SNPS
Allozymes

40
Q

haplotype diversity

A

combination of alleles at loci at a single chromosome

41
Q

neutral markers

A

Markers that don’t code for proteins or selectively unimportant proteins

42
Q

effective population size (Ne)

A

the number of successful breeders in a population

43
Q

census population size

A

the number of individuals in a population; the head count size of a population

44
Q

for a population to be genetically viable, it must;

A

be large enough to avoid inbreeding
retain sufficient genetic diversity for adaptation in response to environmental change
be large enough to avoid accumulating new deleterious alleles

45
Q

population bottleneck

A

a large and sudden reduction in the size of a population

46
Q

bottlenecks effect on population depends on?

A

size of original population compared to bottlenecked one
the duration of their effect

47
Q

2 main paradigms

A

small population and declining population

48
Q

describe the declining population paradigm

A

factors that make large population small. processes that cause population decline and how they can be reversed through conservation management

49
Q

how can variation occur at monomorphic loci?

A

through mutation or via breeding with migrants

50
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

a reduction in fitness of offspring of related individuals leading to decreased reproduction/survival

51
Q

Dominance

A

the increased expression of deleterious recessive alleles in the population

52
Q

Overdominance

A

where the heterozygous state has a fitness advantage

53
Q

purging

A

when deleterious recessive alleles are removed from the population by selection

54
Q

Fitness

A

the capability of an individual (of certain genotype) to reproduce

55
Q

Fitness measures

A

Birth weight
Parasite load
Seed germination
Growth rate
survivorship

56
Q

Outbreeding depression

A

a decline in fitness as a result of mating between distantly related individuals

57
Q

FIS (inbreeding coefficient)

A

The heterozygosity observed among individuals compared to what we’d expect for the subpopulation as a whole

58
Q

FST

A

sub-population diversity relative to the total population

59
Q

how can we measure genetic diversity in populations?

A

using average heterozygosity, allelic diversity, allelic richness, % of polymorphic loci

60
Q

things to pay attention to when reading studies where genetic diversity has been quantified?

A

what markers are being used, what samples were taken and how, what are they being compared with

61
Q

microsatelite

A

-highly repetitive and variable
-estimate paternity + kinship
-forensic conservation and genetics

62
Q

AFLP’s

A

-randomly scattered small sections of DNA
-isolate DNA and chop it up

63
Q

sequencing

A

-e.g. organellar/mtDNA/cDNA
-Directly compare same sequence in different individuals

64
Q

SNP’s

A

-single base pair differences throughout genome
-sequence 1000’s across genome at once
-more common choice now

65
Q

Allozymes

A

-compare variants of proteins

66
Q

autosomal locus

A

a locus at any chromosome but not a sex chromosome

67
Q

N1n2/m2

A

-N1: number captured and marked on first visit
-N2: number capture on second visit
-M2: number marked on second visit

68
Q

Lincoln Petersen model

A

-N1n2/m2
-Model assumes that population/study is closed
-Based only on 2 visits to study population

ABW (10 decks)

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