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BIOL204Z: Principles of conservation biology Flashcards

1
Q

deleterious

A

a mutation with a negative effect

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2
Q

demographic stochasticity

A

population more vulnerable to random fluctuations in births, deaths, migration, emmigration and disease

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3
Q

reduced genetic diversity

A

population has lower adaptive potential and carries a higher genetic load

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4
Q

4 examples of habitat alteration

A

climate change
geological
catastrophe
human influence

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5
Q

what would be useful to know to inform conservation strategies?

A

genetic diversity
gene flow between populations
effective population size
extent of inbreeding

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6
Q

Define deme

A

any local group of individuals that mate at random

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7
Q

Describe gene flow

A

the exchange of genetic information between demes through migration and subsequent breeding

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8
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

A change in allele frequencies caused by random events due to sampling effects

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9
Q

biotic factors of extinction

A

competition
predation
parasitism
disease

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10
Q

main cause of extinction

A

habitat loss/alteration and isolation

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11
Q

Diversity is maintained by?

A

a balance of speciation

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12
Q

effective population size

A

the size of an ideal population

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13
Q

environmental stochasticity

A

Random variations in the environment that directly affect birth and death rates

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14
Q

Inbreeding

A

mating of closely related individuals

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15
Q

Outbreeding

A

mating between individuals that are not closely related

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16
Q

minimum viable population (MVP)

A

The smallest population size at which a species is able to sustain its numbers and survive.

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17
Q

population viability analysis (PVA)

A

an estimate of the expected time of extinction of a population with given characteristics or the chance of its dying out over a specified interval

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18
Q

evolutionary processes that affect genetic diversity

A

selection
mutation
gene flow
genetic drift

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19
Q

Mutation

A

change in a DNA sequence or chromosome in the transmission of genetic information from parent to progeny

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20
Q

Selection

A

differential contribution of genotypes to the next generation due to differences in survival and reproduction

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21
Q

different types of selection

A

Directional, stabilizing, disruptive, diversifying, balancing, frequency/density-dependent, heterozygote advantage and heterozygote disadvantage

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22
Q

genetic load

A

the reduction in a population’s mean fitness compared with the mean fitness that would be found in a theoretical population that has not accumulated deleterious alleles

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23
Q

what does a mutation do in a population?

A

maintains/increases variation in a population

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24
Q

types of mutation

A

deletion, insertion, substitution

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25
Loci
different sites/locations on chromosomes which may or may not be coding genes
26
Allele
any one sequence variant at any one locus
27
Genotype
the alleles present at the locus/loci being screened
28
phenotype
genotype + any environmental influence
29
polymorphic locus
a locus that has more than one allele
30
monomorphic or fixed locus
the same allele at the locus in a population
31
allele frequency
the relative proportion of an allele in a population
32
geneotypic frequency
the relative proportion of any particular genotype in the population
33
average heterozygosity (H)
the sum of the proportions of heterozygotes at all loci/total number of loci sampled
34
allelic diversity
average number of alleles per locus
35
allelic richness
the number of alleles per locus standardised for unequal sample size
36
% polymorphic loci
number of loci that are polymorphic over all loci sampled
37
nucleotide diversity (pi)
For sequence data, the proportion of differences between sequences, expressed as a function the length of DNA compared
38
Haplotype
combination of alleles at loci that are found on a single chromosome or mtdna molecule
39
Types of genetic markers
Microsatelites AFLPS SNPS Allozymes
40
haplotype diversity
combination of alleles at loci at a single chromosome
41
neutral markers
Markers that don't code for proteins or selectively unimportant proteins
42
effective population size (Ne)
the number of successful breeders in a population
43
census population size
the number of individuals in a population; the head count size of a population
44
for a population to be genetically viable, it must;
be large enough to avoid inbreeding retain sufficient genetic diversity for adaptation in response to environmental change be large enough to avoid accumulating new deleterious alleles
45
population bottleneck
a large and sudden reduction in the size of a population
46
bottlenecks effect on population depends on?
size of original population compared to bottlenecked one the duration of their effect
47
2 main paradigms
small population and declining population
48
describe the declining population paradigm
factors that make large population small. processes that cause population decline and how they can be reversed through conservation management
49
how can variation occur at monomorphic loci?
through mutation or via breeding with migrants
50
Inbreeding depression
a reduction in fitness of offspring of related individuals leading to decreased reproduction/survival
51
Dominance
the increased expression of deleterious recessive alleles in the population
52
Overdominance
where the heterozygous state has a fitness advantage
53
purging
when deleterious recessive alleles are removed from the population by selection
54
Fitness
the capability of an individual (of certain genotype) to reproduce
55
Fitness measures
Birth weight Parasite load Seed germination Growth rate survivorship
56
Outbreeding depression
a decline in fitness as a result of mating between distantly related individuals
57
FIS (inbreeding coefficient)
The heterozygosity observed among individuals compared to what we’d expect for the subpopulation as a whole
58
FST
sub-population diversity relative to the total population
59
how can we measure genetic diversity in populations?
using average heterozygosity, allelic diversity, allelic richness, % of polymorphic loci
60
things to pay attention to when reading studies where genetic diversity has been quantified?
what markers are being used, what samples were taken and how, what are they being compared with
61
microsatelite
-highly repetitive and variable -estimate paternity + kinship -forensic conservation and genetics
62
AFLP's
-randomly scattered small sections of DNA -isolate DNA and chop it up
63
sequencing
-e.g. organellar/mtDNA/cDNA -Directly compare same sequence in different individuals
64
SNP's
-single base pair differences throughout genome -sequence 1000's across genome at once -more common choice now
65
Allozymes
-compare variants of proteins
66
autosomal locus
a locus at any chromosome but not a sex chromosome
67
N1n2/m2
-N1: number captured and marked on first visit -N2: number capture on second visit -M2: number marked on second visit
68
Lincoln Petersen model
-N1n2/m2 -Model assumes that population/study is closed -Based only on 2 visits to study population

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