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ABW > BIOL205Z: Animal Behaviour > Flashcards

BIOL205Z: Animal Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Hamilton’s rule

A

rb>c

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2
Q

R=Relatedness

A

The chance of the other individual sharing the same gene

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3
Q

B=Benefit of Behaviour

A

The number of copies of the gene produced by the individual being helped

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4
Q

C=Cost of behaviour

A

The number of copies of the gene that would have been produced if the energy were instead directed towards their own reproduction

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5
Q

Selfish Genetic Elements (SGE’s)

A

Any element in the genome that can increase it’s allelic diversity within a generation

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6
Q

SGE’s: Transposons

A

-“Jumping genes”
-90% of the genome (maize)
-50% in humans

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7
Q

T-Haplotype in Mice

A

-Females pass on to ~50% of offspring
-Males pass on to ~90% of offspring
-Remains at low (ish) frequency, around 10-40%

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8
Q

Segregation Distorters

A

Alleles that distort segregation in their own favour

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9
Q

Malaysian Stalk-eyed Fly

A

-X linked sex ratio distorter
-Targets sperm carrying the Y chromosome
-Results in female biased broods

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10
Q

Harem

A

A group of females associated with a single male, the male typically defends ‘his’ group of females

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11
Q

Supressor

A

Mutations that correct the phenotypic defects of another mutation without restoring its wild-type sequence

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12
Q

What is social behaviour?

A

-Aggression
-Territory
-Dominance
-Sexual behaviour
-Parental behaviour
-Co-operation
-Alturism

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13
Q

Benefits of living in groups

A

1.Reduced predator pressure
2.Improved foraging ability
3.Improved territorial defence
4.Better care of offspring

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14
Q

Sentinel Behaviour

A
  • One member of co-operative group stands guard
    -Rest of group foraging
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15
Q

Selfish Herd Effect

A

-Everyone trying to get to centre to be away from predator

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16
Q

Dilution effect

A

-Probability of one individual being taken is lower in groups

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17
Q

Costs of living in a group

A

1.More competition for food and/or mates
2.Increased risk of infection by disease
3.increased conspicuousness
4.interferance with parental care

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18
Q

mandrils

A

-dominant males sire more offspring
-common pattern in social groups
-can be seen as a cost, but alternative strategy wouldn’t work any better

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19
Q

increased competition

A

-males compete for mates
-might not get first access to food or there will be inference with food (damage)

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20
Q

increased conspicuousness

A

-easier to find really large group than 1-2 individuals
-more likely to be seen by predators

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21
Q

interference with parental care

A

-males kill offspring that aren’t there’s
-common pattern is that only dominant male and female will reproduce
-staying in group might mean you don’t reproduce

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22
Q

Infanticide

A

-Male lions will kill cubs when they take over a pride
-Also happens in chacma baboons

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23
Q

Prevention of breeding

A

-In wild dogs, wolves, hyaenas, meerkats, banded mongooses, dominant females will suppress reproduction in subordinates by inducing stress, control or direct attacks

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24
Q

group management

A

-lions: females stable centre, males come and go
-hyenas: females dominant over males
-in some species, dominance determined each breeding season

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25
Q

Matrilineal Hierarchies

A

Inheritance of mothers dominance rank by daughters
-e.g. hyaenas, wolves

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26
Q

Patrilineal Hierarchies

A

Inheritance of fathers dominance rank
-e.g. colobous monkeys

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27
Q

Coalitions

A

Dominance determined by social success e.g. chimps

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28
Q

chimp coalitions

A

chimps will do things for conspecifics with hope they will back them in a fight

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29
Q

dominance in red deer

A

-depth/pitch of roar is due to size, length is due to muscles in throat
-fights only occur between individuals of the same size
-males reproduce from ages 5-11, females 3-13
-some males never reproduce

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30
Q

Reproductive Skew

A

Dominant individuals reproduce most

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31
Q

honest signs of dominance

A

-deeper/louder vocalisation, bigger the individual
-males with higher levels of testosterone have different scent marks
-species stick their hair up to make themselves look bigger

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32
Q

Transivity

A

-A beats B, B beats C, then A beats C
-Does not always occur and different individuals can be dominant in different situations

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33
Q

Territory

A

-More or less exclusive area defended by individual or group
-seen in more solitary species

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34
Q

territory in birds

A
  • all territories typically close to each other
    -dont get too annoyed with neighbours as they are familiar with them
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35
Q

Home range

A

An area an animal habitually uses but does not necessarily defend

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36
Q

Is food patchy?

A

Abundant in one spot, but not widespread over an area

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37
Q

causation

A

how is the behaviour produced? (mechanism)

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38
Q

ontogeny

A

how does the behaviour develop in the individual

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39
Q

adaptive value

A

what is the current utility of the behaviour (function)

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40
Q

evolutionary history

A

how has the behaviour evolved over time?

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41
Q

what is the comparative method?

A

comparing species to understand the ecological circumstances that lead to the evolution of a particular trait

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42
Q

female philopatry (most mammals)

A

-younger females benefit from helping their mothers reproduce more siblings that they are related to by 0.5
-females surrounded by sisters and mother

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43
Q

male philopatry (chimps, gorillas, humans)

A

incoming female is unrelated to older females in the group, no benefit to helping them reproduce unrelated offspring

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44
Q

outgroup mating

A

-females start in a group with low relatedness to existing males
-fathers come from another group
-little point helping a mother raise half siblings

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45
Q

homologies

A

similarities between species based on common evolutionary descent

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46
Q

homoplasies

A

similarities between several species not present in their ancestor

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47
Q

convergent evolution

A

different groups of organisms evolve the same solution to a problem independently of one another, NOT from a common ancestor

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48
Q

monogamy

A

-male and female form a pair bond, short or long term
-both parents may care for offspring
-seen in :
-birds, few fish, few mammals

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49
Q

polygyny

A

-male mates with several females, each female with only one male
-may be a bond between male and females
usually female provides parental care
-seen in: few birds, many mammals and fish

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50
Q

polygyny resource defence

A
  • defend resource that females use e.g. hummingbirds
  • defend resource females pass through e.g. white rhino
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51
Q

polygyny female defence

A

-defend a small stable group of females e.g.red deer
-defend a large group of females together with several males e.g.baboons
-defend temporary harems whilst on move e.g.wildebeest

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52
Q

polygyny female/resource defence

A

-defend large area together with females e.g.chimps

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53
Q

polygyny/promiscuity competition/scramble

A

-males compete for access for fertile females
-no bond
-males search for females, fights when females found e.g. tigers
-large group of males big fight for access to females e.g. frogs

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54
Q

polygyny leks

A

-males defend small display territory

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55
Q

kakapo case study

A

-103 individuals
-flightless
-male display on lek
-breeding starts at 9years
-breed every 3-5 years
-live to 90

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56
Q

polyandry

A

-female has more than one partner
-bond between female and partners
-male or male/female parental care
-seen in : few birds, few insects, few fish, very few mammals

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57
Q

promiscuity

A

-female and male both have multiple partners
-no bond
-female parental care
-seen in: few birds, many insects, fish and mammals

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58
Q

peacocks

A

-males defend a small territory where they all display, females chose who to mate with
-extreme method: successful males mate lots, unsuccessful never mate

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59
Q

sneaky males

A

ones that come in when others are doing displays, and mate with the females

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60
Q

alturism

A

a behaviour which is costly to the actor and beneficial to the recipient

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61
Q

mutual benefit

A

a behaviour which is beneficial to both the actor and the recipient

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62
Q

mutualism

A

cooperation between species

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63
Q

selfishness

A

a behaviour which is beneficial to the actor and costly to the recipient

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64
Q

spite

A

a behaviour which is costly to both actor and recipient

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65
Q

direct fitness

A

the component of fitness gained through the impact of an individuals behaviour on the production of offspring

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66
Q

indirect fitness

A

the component of fitness gained from aiding the reproduction of related individuals

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67
Q

inclusive fitness

A

the effect of one individuals actions on everybody’s numbers of offspring weighted by relatedness (direct+indirect fitness)

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68
Q

kin selection

A

process by which traits are favoured because of their beneficial effects on the fitness of relatives

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69
Q

inclusive fitness equation

A

relatedness x benefit to reproduction of relative
(rxb)

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70
Q

mechanism

A

the path from genes and their products leading to the behaviour

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71
Q

relative contribution of genes and environment

A

to what extent is phenotypic variation a product of genetic vs environmental variation

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72
Q

for behaviour to evolve there needs to be:

A

a) Individual variation in behaviour
b) Heritable variation
c) Fitness consequences

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73
Q

single gene effect

A

One gene -> one trait

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74
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

many genes -> one trait
-e.g. behaviour
-behaviour is limited by a single gene, not controlled by it

75
Q

pleiotropy

A

one gene -> many traits

76
Q

the relationship between genes and traits

A

-individual difference (evolution)
-how the organism develops (causes of individual behaviour)

77
Q

two sources of influence on traits

A

-genes
-environment (physical, social, disease, nutrition etc)

78
Q

P= G+E

A

phenotype is affected by genes and the environment

79
Q

Vp=Vg+Ve

A

variation in phenotype is affected by genetic and environmental variation

80
Q

Vd

A

-dominance effects
-two phenotypes as A is dominant over a

81
Q

Va

A

-most important
-determines selectability of trait

82
Q

Vi

A

-epistatic effect
-interaction of genes at different loci
-expression of colour (for example) due to what’s happening at B locus

83
Q

Honey bees

A

-food induced polyphensim
-amount of royal jelly they get determines whether they are a queen or a worker

84
Q

blue headed rass

A

-social induced polyphenism
-male removed from population, female will become a male

85
Q

heritability

A

proportion of total phenotypic variance attributable to genetics
-h2=Vg/Vp
-h2= heritability
-Vp= phenotype variation
-Vg= genetic variance

86
Q

no heritability

A

= no evolution possible

87
Q

narrow sense heritability

A

relative contribution of additive genes compared to the environment is the most important measure, determines selectability

88
Q

mouse inactivated with fosB gene

A

-treat their pups with indifference
-inspect pups but leave them alone
-appear otherwise normal in perception, hormones etc

89
Q

Quantitative trait locus (QTL)

A

section of DNA that correlates with variation in a quantitative trait

90
Q

genetics of behaviour

A

-determines whether or not a behaviour can evolve
-if no variation nothing for behaviour to evolve on

91
Q

polyphenism

A

environment can control what behaviours being expressed

92
Q

flexibility and control

A

-the environment can cause genes to be switched on or off
-eyes highly canalised phenotype as there is not much differentiation on number of eyes

93
Q

ostrich

A

mates with several females that all lay eggs in one nest, where male looks after them

94
Q

canalisation

A

phenotype remains fairly invariant when individuals are exposed to a particular environment

95
Q

when did dogs evolve

A

14-30,000 years ago

96
Q

filial imprinting

A

how a young animal learns the characteristics of its parent

97
Q

sexual imprinting

A

the process by which a young animal learns the characteristics of a desirable mate

98
Q

filial imprinting critical period

A

ducks and geese: 24-48 hours post hatch
-cats: 2-7 weeks
-dogs: 2-10 weeks, can imprint on two species

99
Q

filial imprint process

A

-imprinting can be reversed
-first object seen most likely to be imprinted on

100
Q

innate bird song

A

doves, wildfowl, ducks, waders

101
Q

learnt bird song

A

-either restricted or unrestricted
-song birds, parrots, hummingbirds

102
Q

conditioned taste aversion

A

-occurs when a substance is followed by illness
-requires only one pairing with conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus to establish an automatic response

103
Q

dog evolution

A

-could’ve happened by accident: wolves that were slightly more friendly bred together
-dogs today act very much like juvenile wolves

104
Q

breed typical behaviour

A

-dogs that produce offspring that are more social and playful are more bred form

105
Q

silver foxes

A

-study to see how quickly they go from wild to tame
-at start, completely wild and very aggressive, by 18th generation they were very tame
-individuals that are more comfortable in captivity bred better

106
Q

blackcaps

A

-breed two populations, offspring go typically south
-migration triggered by hormones
-more fat levels, good nutrition more likely not to migrate as good resources where they are

107
Q

development of sex

A

-in birds, females have hetero-sex chromosome
-sex determination can be genetic or temperature based

108
Q

intrauterine effects

A

-uterine environment has effect on later development and behaviour
-if around manly males, can become very masculine individual (both male and female), around females, very feminine individual

109
Q

imprinting

A

-sensitive period determine what kind of individual you become or preferences they have
-works unless first individual seen is human

110
Q

zebra finch preferences

A

-all white, but males have red beaks and females have orange
-male offspring will always try to mate with same colour beak their mother had, as they assume that’s a female

111
Q

harlow’s experiment

A

-study on whether monkey had preference for cuddles or food from mother
-two robotic ‘mothers’ used, one comfy (blanket over it) other no comfort but had food
-monkey favoured robotic mother covered in blanket that could be cuddled

112
Q

associative learning categories

A

1) Classical
2) Operant
3) Cognition

113
Q

3) Cognition

A

-insight e.g. tool use
-episodic memory and future planning
-complex e.g. language, spatial awareness
-social e.g. copying
-awareness

114
Q

awareness

A

-theory of mind
-deception
-metacogniton

115
Q

avoidance learning

A

a behaviour (usually negative) is not done in an attempt to not receive a punishment

116
Q

extinction

A

a behaviour (response) that had previously been reinforced is no longer effective, so decreases

117
Q

insight

A

-animal using what appears to be intelligence -internal modelling of problem
-chimps/crows using tool to reach food - not trial and error (operant)

118
Q

Episodic memory

A

the ability to recall unique, personal experiences

119
Q

Self awareness

A

Animal has a sense of self as an individual, not just perception of body and feelings

120
Q

Can an animal recognise itself in the mirror?

A

the following can:
-chimp
-bonobo
-orangutan
-dolphin

121
Q

theory of mind

A

ability to understand that others have beliefs, desires and intentions that are different from one’s own

122
Q

Cultural evolution

A

-Acquired behaviour transmitted through social learning
-Selection acts on different learned behaviours

123
Q

recognition

A

fit something you see/smell to an experience in the past

124
Q

mental time travel

A

can they recall something without needing a cue

125
Q

self awareness testing

A

-mirror test: familiarise individual with mirror, put dot on their face and see if they try to rub it off of themselves
e.g. cleaner fish

126
Q

cognitive empathy

A

do you know what other individuals know?

127
Q

social learning

A

-some social learning will be about complex understanding
-or more simple like blue tits finding out they can pierce foil on milk bottles and get cream out

128
Q

mate choice

A

-in guppies, females prefer males with more orange
-although, if they see females choosing males with less orange, they’ll often copy

129
Q

cultural evolution in primates

A

-macaques in Japan will sit in hot springs to keep warm

130
Q

cultural influence

A

-ravens learn problem solving
-chimps can crack nuts or chew up leaves to put on wounds

131
Q

communication

A

an animal responding to a signal sent by another individual

132
Q

signal examples

A

Bird song
Deer horns
Lion roar
Man’s beard
Lizard dewlap
Peacock feathers
Zebra’s stripes
Fox smell
Fish colouration
Baboon calls
Grasshopper stridulation
Lamb bleat
Black bird alarm call
Camouflage

133
Q

what do signals do?

A

-change behaviour of other animals
-have evolved in response to selection
-both originator of signal and audience affect its development

134
Q

Factors affecting the type of signal

A
  1. Receivers
  2. General audience effects
  3. Physical environment
  4. Influence of other signallers
135
Q

psychological landscape

A

-Detectability
-Memorability
-Discriminability

136
Q

Detectability

A
  • Conspicuousness
  • Repetetive
  • Stereotyped
  • Alerting components
137
Q

Repetitive (detectability)

A

-repetetive movements, signal done over and over
-more likely to be picked up

138
Q

Memorability

A
  • Several sensory modalities (multimodal)
  • Association
  • Attention
139
Q

Discriminability

A
  • Different from related signals
  • Exaggerated displays
  • Contrast with background
140
Q

sensory exploitation/biases

A

-bias waiting to happen which can be exploited in order to attract a mate

141
Q

General audience effects

A
  • Eavesdroppers
  • Distance to audience
    -e.g. some species make different sounds depending on what predator they see
142
Q

Eavesdroppers

A
  • Alarm calls
  • Territorial behaviour
  • Mating behaviour
  • Predation
    -e.g. frog eating bat will listen for full call of frog to prey on it
143
Q

Distance of receivers

A
  • Close by: quiet, complex sounds, visual signals, electric signals
  • Distant: loud, simple calls, scent signals
    -loud calls given first to attract individuals closer, where more complex signals are given
144
Q

Physical environment

A
  • Environmental effects
  • Transmission medium
145
Q

Environmental effects

A
  • Light
  • Noise
  • Habitat quality
146
Q

Transmission medium

A

-Air
-Water
-Solid
-sound transmits better underwater as it doesn’t lose energy over large distance

147
Q

influence of other signallers

A
  • Co-operation
  • Interference
148
Q

are receiver and sender;

A

-Co-operative
OR
-In conflict
-Deceit
-Physical constraints
-Strategic constraints

149
Q

Co-operation

A

-Dance of honey bees
-Species identity
-Emotion in social species

150
Q

Conflict and Deceit

A

Sexual Signalling
-Mate attraction
-Threat display to rival
Parent-Offspring
-Begging calls
-Signalling hunger

151
Q

Physical constraints on deceit

A

-Index: direct relation to attribute

152
Q

Strategic handicap

A

-conditional: strategic constraint
-ornament less costly to males in good condition
-trait uses up value it represents e.g. condition, immunity
-ornament must be exaggerated to provide cost

153
Q

Revealing handicap

A

-Index: physical constraint
-ornament directly related to male quality e.g. low frequency call
-cost not paid in quality trait represents
-ornament not necessarily exaggerated, likely to be conspicuous

154
Q

strategic handicap- signals of quality

A

-vocalisation rate
-plumage colour
-tail ornaments
-antler size

155
Q

revealing handicap- signals of quality

A

-skin patch
-low frequency roar of deer
-body size
-asymetry

156
Q

strategic constraints on deceit

A

-Conventional Signals: chest badge (receiver imposed cost - predators and other males)
-Song matching versus non-matching in a contest (no differential cost)

157
Q

successful cheats

A

-mimicry
-brood parasites

158
Q

environmental information

A

-alarm calls
-mobbing calls
-ownership

159
Q

Referential calls

A

-different calls for different predators or food information
-Chickens: different calls for aerial and terrestrial predators
-Raven: calls for presence of food: different calls for type and quantity

160
Q

identity

A

-Species recognition
-Sex
-Individual identity

161
Q

Abilities

A

-Fighting ability
-Genetic quality
-Fitness

162
Q

Intention

A

-Fight or flight
-metacommunication: whales, dolphins, higher primates, sea lions
-emotion, social communication: happy/sad/injured, contact

163
Q

vocal learning

A

-seals
-cetaceans
-elephants
-bats
-songbbirds
-hummingbirds
-parrots

164
Q

hormone definition

A

-chemical messengers released from endocrine glands
-communicate and coordinate information within the animal and between it and the outside world

165
Q

hormone abilities

A

-slower response
-reach every cell in the body
-can be maintained over long periods
-short and long-term changes

166
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

-rapid response (ms to mins)
-target muscles
-last for short periods
-short term changes

167
Q

invertebrate hormones

A

-Ecdysone and juvenile hormone (JH)

168
Q

Ecdysone

A

-mainly regulates development - larval moulting (ecdysis) and metamorphosis
-also regulates sleep

169
Q

Juvenile hormone (JH)

A

numerous behavioural roles;
-courtship
-sex pheromone production
-diapause
-migration
-caste differences in social insects

170
Q

Oxytocin

A

plays a key role in maintaining social relationships both within and outside of kin

171
Q

effect of environmental oestrogen’s (EEs)

A

-High levels of synthetic oestrogen’s in waste water and effluents due to use of birth control pills
-Female zebrafish- reduced swimming time, eratic movements and freezing episodes
-Female mice- accelerated puberty and increased anxiety

172
Q

mating

A

-uses oestrogen, FSH, LH and testosterone(for courtship)

173
Q

incubation

A

-progesterone, secreted by ovaries and placenta

174
Q

parental care

A

-prolactin, secreted by pituitary

175
Q

bonding

A

-oxytocin, secreted by hypothalamus

176
Q

dominance

A

-testosterone, from testes

177
Q

fight/flight

A

-adrenalie, corticosterone, secreted by adrenal glands

178
Q

carpus alitum

A

-gland where the 2 invertebrate hormones are produced

179
Q

causation

A

is there a causal relationship with the hormone

180
Q

mating behaviour: ring-necked doves

A

-bi-parental care system
-without courtship behaviour, females don’t produce eggs
-production of nest pushes release of progesterone
-both genders produce milk crop to feed offspring

181
Q

bi-parental care in burying beetles

A

-need a carcass in order to lay eggs
-levels of JH triggered by presence of carcass and age of larvae

182
Q

corticosterone

A

-offspring have to beg in order to get fed
-if in poor state, beg more as you are hungrier

183
Q

oxytocin and bonding

A

-social behaviours have impact on oxytocin levels

ABW (10 decks)

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