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BIOL235 > BIOL235_Chap7 > Flashcards

BIOL235_Chap7 Flashcards

1
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

integrated system of bones + muscles + joints

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2
Q

2 divisions of adult skeleton

A

axial (80)
appendicular (126)

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3
Q

how many bones in axial skeleton?

A

80

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4
Q

how many bones in appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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5
Q

upper + lower limbs + girdle bones

A

appendicular skeleton

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6
Q

bones of the axial skeleton

A

skull
hyoid bone
auditory ossicles
vertebral column
thorax

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7
Q

bones of the appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral/shoulder girdles
upper limbs
pelvic/hip girdle
lower limbs

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8
Q

long bones

A

greater length than width
shaft + variable # of extremities or epiphyses/ends
mostly compact bones in diaphyses, but spongy in epiphyses

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9
Q

short bones

A

equal in length + width
cube-shaped

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10
Q

flat bones

A

thin/composed of 2 nearly parallel plates of ocmpact bone tissue enclosing layer of spongy bone tissue

attachment points

cranial bones, sternum,
rips, scapulae

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11
Q

examples of long bones

A

femur
tibia/fibula
humerus
ulna + radius
phalanges

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12
Q

examples of short bones

A

carpal/wrist
tarsal/ankle

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13
Q

examples of flat bones

A

cranial
sternum
ribs
scapulae

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14
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

vertebrae
hip bones
some facial bones
calcaneus

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15
Q

irregular bones

A

complex shapes, cannot be grouped with other categories

vary in amount of spongy + compact bone

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16
Q

examples of sesamoid bones

A

patellae/kneecaps
ones in quadriceps femoris tendon

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17
Q

sesamoid bones

A

in tendons where friction, tension, physical stress,

vary in #
not always ossified
usually small/few milimeters diameter

protect tendons from excessive wear/tear
better mechanical advantage of joint

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18
Q

sutural bones

A

small bones located in sutures/joints betw certain cranial bones
# varies
classified by location

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19
Q

what are the bones that have red bone marrow in adults?

A

flat bones like rips, sternum, skull, irregular bones like vertebrae, hip bones, long bones such as proximal epiphyses of femur + humerus, some short bones

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20
Q

what do long bones do?

A

slightly curved for strength

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21
Q

5 types of bones

A

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones
sesamoid bones (sesame shaped)

(classified by location)

sutural bones (not classified by shape but by location)

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22
Q

bones have ___

A

characteristic surface markings

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23
Q

surface markings

A

structural featurs adapted for specific functions
develop in respons to forces as you mature

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24
Q

2 major types of surface markings

A

depressions + openings

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25
Q

What do depressions + openings do?

A

sites that allow passage of soft tissue (nerves, bv’s, ligaments, tendons) or formation of joints

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26
Q

fissure

A

narrow slit betw adjacent parts of bones thru which blood vessels or nerves pass

ex. superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone

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27
Q

foramen (foramina pleural)

A

opening thru which bv’s, nerves, or ligaments pass

ex. optic foramen of sphenoid bone

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28
Q

fossa (pleural fossae)

A

shallow depression

ex. coronoid fossa of humerus

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29
Q

sulcus (pleural sulci) groove

A

furrow along bone surfac that accommodats bv’s, nerve, or tendon

ex. intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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30
Q

meatus (pleural meati)

A

tubelike opening

ex. external auditory meatus of temporal bone

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31
Q

5 types of depressions/openings

A

fissure
foramen
fossa
sulcus
meatus

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32
Q

what are bone processes?

A

projections/outgrowths on bone that form joints or attachment points for CT, like ligaments or tendons

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33
Q

processes that form joints

A

condyle
facet
head

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34
Q

condyle

A

large, round protuberance with smooth articular surface at end of bone

ex. lateral condyle of femur

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35
Q

facet

A

smooth,flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface

ex. superior articular facet of vertebra

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36
Q

head

A

usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constructed portion) of bone

ex. head of femur

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37
Q

7 processes that form attachment points for CT

A

crest
epicondyle
line
spinous process
trochanter
tubercle
tuberosity

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38
Q

crest

A

prominent ridge or elongated projection

ex. iliac crest of hip bone

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39
Q

epicondyle

A

typically roughened projection above condyle

ex. medial epicondyle of femur

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40
Q

line

A

long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than crest)

ex. linea aspera of femur

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41
Q

spinous process

A

sharp, slender projection

ex. spinous process of vertebra

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42
Q

trochanter

A

very large projection

ex. greater trochanter of femur

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43
Q

tubercle

A

variably sized rounded projection

ex. greater tubercle of humerus

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44
Q

tuberosity

A

variably sized projection that has a rough, bumpy surface

ex. ishial tuberosity of hip bone

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45
Q

skull

A

bony framework of head

22 bones

cranial + facial bones

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46
Q

facial bones

A

14

bones of face
nasal bones
maxillae
zygomatic bones
mandible
lacrimal bones
palatine
inferior nasal conchae
vomer

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47
Q

cranial bones

A

form cranial cavity - encloses + protects brain

8

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid

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48
Q

general features + functions of skull

A

form large cranial cavity + smaller cavities (nasal + orbits)

sutures attach skull bones
lost of surface markings - foramina + fissures for bv’s + nerves

protect brain + stabilize positions of brain, bv’s, lymphatic vessels, nerves thru attachment of inner surfaces to meninges
attachment points for head muscles

protect + support delicate special sense organs (vision, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium/balance)

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49
Q

which is the only movable bone in the skull?

A

mandible

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50
Q

frontal bone

A

cranial bone that forms forehead
roofs orbits
most anterior part of cranial floor

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51
Q

parietal bones

A

2 cranial bones that form the greater portion of the sides + roof of cranial cavity

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52
Q

temporal bones

A

2 cranial bones that form inferior lateral aspects of cranium + part of cranial floor

zygomatic arch: zygomatic process articulates with temporal process of zygomatic cheek bone

mandibular fossa

mastoid portion

petrous portion

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53
Q

zygomatic process

A

part of the temporal squama (thin flat part of temporal bone arnd ear) that articulates with temporal process of zygomatic bone resulting in zygomatic arch

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54
Q

mandibular fossa

A

socket located on inferior posterior surface of zygomatic process of each temporal bone

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55
Q

mastoid portion

A

part of the temporal bone located posterior + inferior to external auditory meatus/ear canal.

56
Q

petrous portion

A

part of temporal bone at floor of cranial cavity

57
Q

occipital bone

A

forms posterior part + most of base of cranium
back of head

foramen magnum
occipital condyles

58
Q

foramen magnum

A

inferior part of occipital bone

59
Q

occipital condyles

A

oval processes with convex surfaces on either side of foramen magnum
articulate with first cervical vertebra/atlas
allows nodding head motion

60
Q

sphenoid bone

A

keystone of cranial floor
articulates with all other cranial bones
middle of base of skull
butterfly-shaped

cranial bone

61
Q

ethmoid bone

A

delicate cranial bone in anterior of cranial floor medial to orbits
posterior to nasal bones

62
Q

nasal bones

A

paired facial bones that are small, flattened, rectangular-shaped bones that form bridge of nose.
protect upper entry to nasal cavity + attachment for facial expression muscles
resting place for glasses bridge

63
Q

lacrimal bones

A

paired facial bones that are think and look like fingernail in size + shape
teardrop bones

smallest bones of face

posterior + lateral to nasal bones + form part of medial wall of each orbit

houses lacrimal sac which gathers tears + passes to nasal cavity

64
Q

palatine bones

A

2 L-shaped facial bones forming posterior portion of hard palate, part of floor + lateral wall of nasal cavity + small portion of orbit floors

65
Q

inferior nasal conchae

A

2 facial turbinates, which are inferior to middle nasal conchae of ethmoid bones, are seperate bones, not part of ethmoid bone

part of inferior lateral wall of nasal cavity + project into nasal cavity
inc surface area of nasal cavity

66
Q

turbinates

A

inferior nasal conchae

67
Q

vomer

A

triangular facial bone on floor of nasal cavity that articulates superiorly with ethmoid bone + sphenoid bone + inferiorly with maxillae + palatine bones along midline

forms inferior portion of bondy nasal septum
devides nasal cavity into right + left

68
Q

maxillae

A

paired facial bones uniting to -> upper jawbone

articulate with every bone of face except mandible

form most of hard palate

69
Q

hard palate

A

facial bones that are bony roof of mouth + formed by palatine processes of maxillae + horizontal plates of palatine bones

separates nasal cavity from oral cavity

70
Q

maxillary sinuss

A

contained by each maxilla
empties into nasal cavity

union + fusion of maxillary bones normally completed before birth, if fusion fails = cleft palate

71
Q

zygomatic bones

A

2 facial bones
cheekbones
articulate with frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, + temporal bones
temporal process articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone = zygomatic arch

72
Q

mandible

A

facial bone
lower jawbone
largest + strongest facial bone
only movable skull bone

articulates with mandibular fossa + articular tubercle of temporal bone = temporomandibular joint

73
Q

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

joint betw mandible + temporal bone

74
Q

nasal septum

A

vertical partition of nasal cavity into right + left
bone + cartilage

vomer + septal cartilage + perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

75
Q

3 components of nasal septum

A

vomer
septal cartilage
perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

76
Q

orbit

A

eye socket
formed by 7 bones of skull
contains eyeball

bones: frontal, sphenoid, ethomid, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, maxilla

77
Q

7 bones making up orbit

A

frontal
sphenoid
ethmoid
palatine
zygomatic
lacrimal
maxilla

78
Q

foramina

A

openings of skull for blood vessels, nerves, ligaments

79
Q

suture

A

immovable joint that holds most skull bones together

80
Q

4 prominent skull sutures

A

coronal suture
sagittal suture
lambdoid suture
squamous sutures

81
Q

coronal suture

A

unites front bone + both parietal bones

temple area

82
Q

sagittal suture

A

unites 2 parietal bones of superior midline of skull

sagitt = arrow
suture + fontanels arrow shaped in infant

83
Q

lambdoid suture

A

unites 2 parietal bones to occipital bone

84
Q

squamous sutures

A

2, unite parietal + temporal bones on lateral aspects of skull

85
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

cavities within certain cranial + facial bones near nasal cavity
lined with mucous membranes - continuous with lining of nasal cavity
secretions produced by mucous membranes drain into lateral wall of nasal cavity

86
Q

fontanels

A

incompletely developed carnial bones
soft spots
areas where unossified mesenchyme develops into dense CT of skull
provide fetal skull flexibility for passage thru birth canal + permit rapid brain growth during infancy

87
Q

hyoid bone

A

U-shaped bone in axial skeleton
doesn’t articulate with anything

suspended from styloid processes of temporal bones by ligaments + muscles

in anterior neck betw mandible + larynx

88
Q

vertebral column

A

spine, backbone, spinal column

composed of 26 vertebrae in adults

consists of bone + CT, surrounds + protects spinal cord
supports head, serves as pnt of attachment for ribs, pelvic girdle + muscles of back + upper limbs

89
Q

vertebrae

A

series of bones in vertebral column

90
Q

adult vertebral column typically contains how many vertebrae?

A

26

91
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

neck region
7

92
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

posterior to thoracic cavity
12

93
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

supporting lower back
5

94
Q

sacrum

A

consisting of 5 fused sacral vertebrae
1

95
Q

coccyx

A

usually consisting of 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae
1

96
Q

normal curves

A

4 slight bends in adult vertebral column when viewed from teh side

curves inc strength

97
Q

4 normal curves

A

cervical
lumbar
thoracic
sacral

98
Q

cervical and lumbar curves

A

convex buling out relative to the front of the body

99
Q

thoracic and sacral curves

A

concave, cupping in relative to front of body

100
Q

fetus has

A

single anteriorly concave curve

101
Q

intervertebral discs

A

found betw bodies of adjacent vertebrae from 2nd cervical vertabra to sacrum

has an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage (annulus fibrosus) and inner solft pulpy highly elastic substance (nucleus pulposa)

102
Q

intervertebral discs form…

A

strong ojints, permit various movements of vertebral column + absorb vertical shock
under compression they flatten + broaden

discs compress during day + lose water from cartilage
rehydration + less compression during night, get taller in mornign

103
Q

annulus firbosus

A

outer fibrous ring of intervertebral discs consisting of fibrocartilage

104
Q

nucelus pulposus

A

inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic substance of intervertebral discs

105
Q

parts of a vertebrae

A

vertebral body
vertebral arch
processes

106
Q

vertebral body

A

thick, disc-shaped anterior portion of vertebrae

Thick main part of vertebrae

weight-bearing part
contain nut foramina for bv’s

107
Q

vertebral arch

A

The part surrounding the spinal cord that isn’t the vertebral body

2 short, thick processes (pedicles) which project posteriorly from vertebral body to unit with flat laminae to form arch

together with vertebral body surround spinal cord formign vertebral foramen

108
Q

vertebral foramen

A

hole for spinal cord to go through formed by vertebral body + vertebral arch

109
Q

processes

A

parts arising from vertebral arch

7 processes arising from vertebral arch

spinous process (spine) is important one

110
Q

spinous process

A

spine

the main process arising from the laminae junction
or the middle of the vertebral arch

111
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

smallest vertebrae except for those of coccyx

C1-C7
atlas = C1
C2 = axis

112
Q

axis

A

C2
does have vertebral body

113
Q

atlas

A

C1
ring of bone

NO body or spinal process

114
Q

odontoid process

A

peglike process on axis projeting superiorly thru anterior portion of vertebral foramen of atlas

allows pivot for atlas and head to rotate
allows side to side movemnt

115
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

larger + stronger than cervical
long spinous processes, laterally flattened, directed inferiorly

articulate with ribs

116
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

largest + strongest unfused vertebrae
short + thick projections

117
Q

sacrum

A

triangular bone formed by fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae
strong foundation for pelvic girdle

females = shorter + wider + more curved than males

118
Q

coccyx

A

triangular tailbone portion
formed by fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae

females = points inferiorly to allow passage of baby, points anteriorly in males

119
Q

manubrium

A

superior part of sternum

120
Q

body

A

middle + largest part of sernum

121
Q

xiphoid process

A

inferior part of sternum

122
Q

3 parts of sternum

A

manubrium (superior)
body (middle)
xiphoid process (inferior)

123
Q

sternal angle

A

junction formed by manubrium + body of sternum

124
Q

suprasternal notch

A

depression on the superior surface fo the manubrium of sternum

125
Q

clavicular notches

A

notches that articulate with medial ends of clavicles to form sternoclavicular joints

126
Q

sternoclavicular joints

A

formed by medial ends of clavicles articulation with clavicular notches

127
Q

thorax

A

chest region

128
Q

thoracic cage

A

skeletal part of thorax
bony enclosure formed by sternum, rips, costal cartilages, bodeis of thoracic vertebrae

129
Q

sternum

A

breastbone
flat narrow
center of anterior thoracic wall

130
Q

ribs

A

12 pairs
structural support to thoracic cavity sides

131
Q

ribs 1-7

A

inc in length

132
Q

ribs 7-12

A

dec in length

133
Q

each rib articulates posetriorly with its corresponding ___ ___

A

thoracic vertebra

134
Q

sternocostal joints

A

articulations formed betw true ribs + sternum

135
Q

floating (vertebral) ribs

A

11-12 pairs of rips
costal cartilages at anterior ends do not attach to sternum
only attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebra

136
Q

costal cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage direct providing anterior attachment to sternum for ribs (prs 1-7)

137
Q

false ribs

A

prs 8-12
don’t attach or only indirectly attach to sternum

BIOL235 (7 decks)

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