Biol 108 Final part 2 Flashcards
Bryophytes
Informal name for mosses, liverworts and hornworts, live on land but lack vascular tissue
diverged earliest
form a paraphyletic group with the three phyla of non vascular plants
Characteristics of bryophytes
non vasular tissue
no true roots water absorbed through rhizoids
absence of true leaves and stoma
Life cycle of non vascular plants (bryophytes)
Gametophyte stage is dominant larger and longer living
(free living haploid stage)
Sporophytes remain physically attached to gametophyte and get nutrients from
Haploid spores are produced (1n), spores germinate into gametophyte which matures and a female or male each with gametangia Gametes are produced by meiosis and sperm and eggs come together through water
Sporophyte stage
the diploid gametophyte zygote develops under the nourishment of the female gametophyte and zygote develops into diploid embryo
the sporophyte is retained in the female gametophyte archegonium
sporophyte creates spores that are released from sproangium and through meiosis
Liverworts, hornworts and mosses
liverworts-no xylem or phloem, no stoma oil bodies
mosses-no xylem or phloem, stoma
hornworts- no xylem or phloem, single large chloroplast
Shared derived features of vascular plants
xylem, phloem, vascular tissue develop only on sporophyte
sporophyte is dominant stage
well developed true roots and leaves
Microphylls and megaphylls and sporophylls
micro-small leaves with single vein
mega-large leaves with highly branched vascular systems
sporophylls- modified with sporangia
sori-on the underside of leaf
strobili-cone like stuctures
Homosporous
plants have single type of spore that develops into bisexual gametophyte (MOST SEEDLESS VASCULAR)
Heterosporous-plants have megaspores (female gametophyte) and microspores (males gametophyte) (ALL SEED PLANTS)
Seedless vascular and bryophytes
With bryophytes-flagellated sperm use water
Life cycle of seedless vascular plants
Haploid spores are released (1n)
spores germinate into gametophyte
which mature into male and female gametophyte (archegonium and antheridium) which create a diploid zygote. sporophyte develops in archegonium and the gametophyte eventually dies off sporophyte becomes independent
Shared derived features of seed plansts
gametophyte develops in spore wall and retained by parent sporophyte
heterospory- all plants are heterosporous
ovules
pollen
seeds-fertilized ovule embryo nutrient supply and seed coat
Ovules
composed of megasporngium (2n) and Megaspore (1n) with one or more protective integuments
Gymnosperms have 1 integument
Angiosperms have 2 integuments
Pollen
microspores develop into male gametophytes within pollen grains outer layer of sporopollen is produced by sporophyte contains one gametophyte one generative tube-nuclei and one and one tube cell-pollen tube
Gymnosperms
naked seed plants vascular
seeds are exposed on sporophylls strobili
Gymnosperm phylums
Cycadophyta- male and female cones ferns, dioecious, flagellated sperm
Ginkophyta- fan shaped leaves
gnetophyta- xylem contains vessel elements
conferophyta- cones rely on wind to pollinate xylem lacks vessel elements
Angiosperms
seed coat vascular plants
three fs fruit, flower, double fertilization
Flower and parts of flower
Sterile
sepals- enclose and protect flower
petals- attract
reproductive organs
Stamens- microsporophylls pollen producing
-stalk and anther
Carpels megasporophyll ovule producing
-ovary, style and sigma
Development of female gametophyte angiosperm
develops within an ovule within ovary
4 mega spores developed from megasporophyte by meiosis only one functional megaspore and polar nuclei
Double fertilization angiosperm
two sperm cells unite with two cells in female gametophyte to produce a zygote
1 and 1 create diploid zygote second sperm polar nuclei to create triploid
Angiosperm classification
based on number of cotyledons
monocots are monophyletic and dicots are paraphyletic
cotyledon is a synapomorphy
Angiosperm diversity
basal dicots
magnoliids-dicots
monocots-single cotyledon
eudicots- monophyletic group two cotyledons
Fungi closer to animalia or plants
closer to animals in the opisthokonts of amorphea which includes animals
shared common ancestor of protists which was unicellular and had posterior flagella
monophyletic group
Shared derived features of fungi
synapomorphies
absorptive nutrition
hyphae and mycelium
chitin in cell walls
Anatomy of fungi
non motile
hyphae- cylindrical branched filaments that absorb nutrients form mycelium
Yeasts
do not have hyphae and are unicellular
