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Biol 108 > Bio final chapters 30,31,32,33,34 > Flashcards

Bio final chapters 30,31,32,33,34 Flashcards

1
Q

lissamphibians

A

thin moist skin
monophyletic group
skin is permeable for water and gases
gas exchange can happen in lungs or through skin
rely on water or moist envirnoments
spawn in water by laying eggs
external and internal fertilization
eggs simple lack protective shell or extraembryonic memebrane

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2
Q

gymnophiona

A

caecillians lissaamphibians
paired protrusible tentacles- moved by eye muscles
eyes reduced
venom glands along jaw

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3
Q

urodela

A

lissamphibians- salamanders
patterns in formation of bones

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4
Q

anura

A

lissamphibians- frogs
postnatal development consists of full metamorphosis tadpole to adult
no post anal tail hindlegs elongated for swimming

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5
Q

Amniotes

A

monophyletic group that includes birds reptiles and mammals

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6
Q

amniotes shared derived features

A

1.embryo develops within amniotic egg
2. internal fertilization by intromittent organs
3.direct development

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7
Q

embryo develops in amniotic egg

A

amnion- surrounds embryo
allantois-stores metabolic waste
chorion- surrounds and cushions embryo
shell- protects embryo
allantois and chorion-gas exchange
yolk sac and albumen- nutrients to embryo
shell chorion and amnion-protect embryo

basal amniotes-leathery shell
evolutionary modification- calcium hardened

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8
Q

internal fertilization by intromittant organs

A

external genitalia specialized for transported sperm, internal fertilization is necessary because amniotic eggs are developed within body

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9
Q

direct development

A

larval stage and metamorphesis are absent

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10
Q

adaption in amniotes for terrestrial life

A

keratinised skin that is relatively impermeable to water
breathing is achieved by costal ventilation-movement of the ribcage by muscles to pump air in and out of lungs
gas exchange- exchange between small air tubes and capillaries in lungs

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11
Q

Amniote skull types

A

temporal fenestra- large opening on temporal region behind eye on skulls in amniotes
anapsids- absence of temporal fenestra (turtles)
synapsids- one pair or lower temporal fenestra
diapsids- two pairs of temporal fenestra behind eye socket

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12
Q

taxa with each skull

A

s- mammals and close relatives only in lineages leading to mammals
a- basal amniotes close to last common ancestor or reptiles and birds, turtles plesiomorphic
d-lizards snakes crocodiles, extant birds modified several times among reptiles

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13
Q

Charateriistics of non avian diapsids

A

1.thick keratinised scales over body
2.reproductive adaptation- oviparous laying amniotic eggs some are viviparous giving live birth, parental care to egg or hatchlings is not common
3. circulation- muscular heart with 3 chambers croc-4
4.thermoregulation- ectothermic rely on external heat sources to regulate body temp

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14
Q

Phylogeny of diapsida

A

2 lineages
lepidosaur- tuataras, lizards, snakes and fossil mosasaurs
archosaur- crocodiles, pterasaurs, and dinos
pterasaur were first tetrapod to fly

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15
Q

lepidosaur

A

monphyletic group of tuataras and squamates (lizards and snakes)
1.Overlapping keratinised scales periodically shed skin
2. presence of tail anatomy

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16
Q

lepidosaur- squamates

A

snakes and lizards
quadrupedal lizard like body
or amphisbaenians with reduced limbs or without limbs
limbless snakes
loss or reduction of limbs happened independently
1. flexible loosley jointed skull
2.deterministic growth- growth completely terminates
3. hemipenis as intromittent organ

17
Q

notable squamates

A

chameleons, gila monsters-omnivores, snakes

17
Q

archasauria- birds

A

evolved from bipedal theropod dinos
1. feathers- homologous to scales in other diapsids
2.reduced number of digits
3. absence of teeth instead have keratinised beaks
4. hollow bones
5. 4 chamber heart
6. fixed lung with one way airflow
7. endothermy only birds and mammals are endothermic use metabolic energy to maintain body temp
8. wide range of parental skills- precocial birds-born feed themselves or altricial birds- rely on parental care

17
Q

archasauria- crocodiles

A

semiaquatic
inhabit freshwater
carnivorous predators dont chew
1.4 chamber heart
ectothermic
2.presence of a single medial penis as intromittant organ
3. protective maternal behaviour

17
Q

diapsida- archasauria

A

monophyletic group
birds, crocs
ankle anatomy is used to classify two lineages of leading to crocs and birds

18
Q

characteristics of mammals

A

1.presence of hair- thin shaft of keratin
2. endothermy- use metabolic energy to maintain body temp
(endothermy and 4 chamber heart suggest high metabolic rates in extant mammals)
3.mammary glands to provide younglings with milk maybe evolved from sweat glands
4. Presence of three middle ear bones- for the detection of higher frequency sounds
5. presence of dentary squamosal jaw joint- enlarged dentary bone
6.jaw with heterodonty teeth multiple tooth types diphyodonty which means they have two sets of teeth in life
7.expandable lungs with thwo way air flow
8. single intermittant organ for fertilizization
precocial- feed themselves atricial- rely on parental care

19
Q

what are mammals evolved from

A

synapsids
clade includes mammal like reptiles and therapsids which are mammals
3 clades
monotremata
marsupial
placentalia

20
Q

monotremata

A

echidnas and platypus
plesiomorphic traits lost in other mammals
-soft leathery non calcified eggs
-cloaca single opening for genital
-lactation without nipple milk is secreted onto fur
leathery beak instead of teeth NOT homologous with other beaks

21
Q

Shared derived features of theria

A

(marsupials and eutherians)
1.Therians are viviparous give birth to developed embryo
2.placenta that proved nourishment consisting of extraembryonic membrane and lining of uterus
-gas exchange, nutrients and waste management
3.nipples to nurse offspring- outlets from mammary glands

22
Q

Theria marsupials characteristics

A
  1. pouch supported by epipubic bone
    embryonic development within placenta in the uterus is brief partially developed embryo crawls to puch from cloaca (some lack pouch and carry on back)
    2.both males and females have cloacla
23
Q

thera- Eutheria

A

1.absence of pouch or epipubic bone
2. presence of more sophisticated placenta nourishment of embryo is provided by female through the placenta complete embryonic development inside uterus
3.younglings after birth suckle on nipples for milk
4. both males and females have separate urinary and anal openings (lack cloaca)

24
Q

Eutherians notable groups

A

chiroptera- bats mammals capable of flight-skeleton with thin walls, constant flapping to maintain altitude
eulipotyphyla- screws moles and kin small fanivorous mammals
carnivora- cats dogs and kin mostly predatory carnassial pair dentition scissor like teeth, nose slit for odours

25
Q

Humans phylogenetic position

A

descendants of the great ape (hominid lineage)
great apes and humans from monophyletic group
chimpanzees and bonobos closest living relative
99% genetic similarity and all share genetic ancestor
80 genes lost in lineage leading to humans

26
Q

divergence of humans from other great apes

A

diversified in the miocene period
homocins (clade hominini) include chimpanzees bonobos, and extinct relatives

27
Q

Characteristics of humans

A

1.large brain
2.reduced jawbone: jaws are less protruded then in great apes
3.reduced jaw muscles: jaw closing muscles are less developed
4. shorter digestive tract
5.upright posture and bipedality: obligate bipedal animals

28
Q

Trends in Hominin evolution

A

bipedalism early
expansion of brain and complexity (later)
modification of pelvis
reduction of teeth face and jaws
extended period of infant dependency
increased hairlessness
increased reliance on meat
emergence of tool use

29
Q

advantages and disadvantages of bipedality

A

Advantages- enhanced visibility of predators
hands freed for tools
energy efficient for long distance travel
Disadvantages- narrow pelvis led to complications at birth, adaption of skeleton lead to pathological conditions

30
Q

Skeletal adaption for bipedality

A
  1. skull attachment is altered foramen magnum is position on the top of vertebral column
    2.spinal curvature s shaped spine
    3.elongated legs for efficient bipedal walking with longer strides (larger knee joints)
  2. alteration of foot anatomy- two arches and heel enlarged

Biol 108 (12 decks)

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