Biol 108 Final Part 1

Question 1

Taxonomy and ranks

Answer 1

discipline of naming
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 2

Systematics vs phylogenetics

Answer 2

Systematics-discipline focused on classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships and history and phylogenetics is a field of systematics

Question 3

Basal vs derived taxa

Answer 3

Basal diverges early
Derived diverges late

Question 4

Polyphyletic group

Answer 4

Includes only some descendents not the common ancestor

Question 5

Synapomorphy

Answer 5

derived feature shared by two or more taxa and last common ancestor

Question 6

Autopomorphy

Answer 6

derived feature found in only one taxa

Question 7

Simplesiomorphy

Answer 7

Feature shared with some members of a taxonomic group

Question 8

Macroevolution vs micro

Answer 8

change above species level
change in allele frequency

Question 9

Sources of genotypic variation

Answer 9

Gene duplication, mutation and recombination

Question 10

Directional selction

Answer 10

individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than other individuals

Question 11

Disruptive selection

Answer 11

natural selection when individuals at both ends of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more succesfully than other individuals

Question 12

Stabilising selection

Answer 12

natural selection increase of common or intermediate traits become more common

Question 13

Balancing selection

Answer 13

natural selection that maintains genetic diversity

Question 14

Biological species concept

Answer 14

pop that can interbreed and produce viable offspring

Question 15

Prezygotic barrier

Answer 15

Impedes mating and fertilization
-behaviour
-temporal
-mechanical
-habitat
-gametic

Question 16

Postzygotic barrier

Answer 16

Stops hybrid from growing and producing viable offspring
reduced hybrid viability-genes interact and impair hybrids ability to develop of survive
reduced hybrid fertility-genes interact and make it so they are sterile and cant reproduce

Question 17

Great oxygenation event

Answer 17

due to cyanobacteria o2 toxic to anaerobic prokaryotes

Question 18

prokaryotes

Answer 18

-small unicellular
-high metabolic rates
-Dna in the form of circular genomes
-lack membrane enclosed organelles

Question 19

Prokaryotes cell wall

Answer 19

peptidoglycan
gram negative stain-thinner layer of peptidoglycan
gram positive stain- thick layer

Question 20

Fimbriae, flagella, pilli

Answer 20

fimbriae- short hair like structures
flagella- long whip structure for mobility
pilli-like flagella but for transfer of dna

Question 21

endospores

Answer 21

thick coat resilient cell production produced by some bacteria when they experience harsh environments

Question 22

reproduction of prokaryotes

Answer 22

asexual binary fission

Question 23

Prokaryotes three mechanisms for gene recombination

Answer 23

Transformation- external dna is taken up and integrated into prokaryote cells
Transduction-viruses carry dna from one bacteria to another
Conjugation- direct transfer of dna through physical contact

Question 24

obligate aerobes prokaryotes
Obligate anaerobe’s
facilitate anaerobes

Answer 24

rely on o2
inhibited by o2
take place in either

Question 25

prokaryotes and nitrogen

Answer 25

nitrogen into ammonia reduce greenhouse gases

Question 26

Diversity of prokaryotes domain bacteria

Answer 26

proteobacteria- gram negative endosymbiosis gives rise to mitochondria in eukaryotes Chlamydia- parasite's on animals gram negative cyanobacteria- gram negative generate oxygen and give rise to chloroplasts through endosymbiosis grampostive bacteria-gram postive stain decomposers

Question 27

Diversity of prokaryotes domain archaea

Answer 27

Methanogens-produce methane extreme halophiles-live in high saline environment extreme thermophiles-inhabit high temp environments

Question 28

Eukaryotes

Answer 28

linear dna membrane bound organelles arise due to GOE cytoskeleton and cellular dynamics sexual reproduction unicellular-alternate between diploid and haploid and multicellular have specific sex organs

Question 29

Endosymbiosis

Answer 29

relationships where one is inside of the other mitochodria and plastids formed from small prokaryote hosts living inside larger host cells

Question 30

Primary and secondary endosymbiont

Answer 30

primary-prokaryote in something else secondary- eukaryote cell engulfed by another eukaryote

Question 31

Protists excavata cluster

Answer 31

modified mitochondria and distinct flagella Flagellates diplomonads- lack plastids live in anaerobic environments parabasalids- lack plastids modified mitochondria anerobic euglozoens-one or more flagella crystalline rod -kinetoplastids- kinetoplast circular dna -euglenids- pellicle protein

Question 32

SAR Cluster Stramenopiles

Answer 32

two flagella one with hairlike projections diatoms-two part silica cell wall and O2 Brown algae- large multicellular sea weed oomycetes- resemble fungi heterotrophic cell wall of cellulose decomposers

Question 33

SAR cluster alveolates

Answer 33

alveoli dinoflagellates- unicellular aquatic protists two flagella apicomplexans- unicellular and parasitic absence of flagella and cilia for locomotion ciliates- unicellular heterotrophic protists two nuclei asexual binary fission

Question 34

SAR Rhizarians

Answer 34

morphological synapomorphies pseudopodia mineral shells Foraminifera-unicellular rhizarians CaCO3 mineral shells

Question 35

Archaeplastida Cluster

Answer 35

primary endosymbiosis red algae- diverse group of multicellular red pigment Green algae- multicellular protists green pigments chlorophytes and charophytes chlorophyll

Question 36

Amorphea

Answer 36

single flagellum or lack of one amoebozoans- slime moulds, tubulinds and Unicellular and multicellular slime moulds- group of protists known for large multicellular structures

Question 37

Streptophyta shared derived features

Answer 37

charophytes and land plants features -plasma membranes has rings of protein responsible for cellulose synthesis -flagellated sperm -phragmoplast

Question 38

Phylogeny of basal land plants

Answer 38

viridiplantae- embryophytes, charophytes, chlorophytes Streptophyta- embryophytes and charophytes embryophyta- most exclusive