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Biol 108 > Biol 108 Final Part 1 > Flashcards

Biol 108 Final Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomy and ranks

A

discipline of naming
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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2
Q

Systematics vs phylogenetics

A

Systematics-discipline focused on classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships and history and phylogenetics is a field of systematics

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3
Q

Basal vs derived taxa

A

Basal diverges early
Derived diverges late

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4
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

Includes only some descendents not the common ancestor

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5
Q

Synapomorphy

A

derived feature shared by two or more taxa and last common ancestor

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6
Q

Autopomorphy

A

derived feature found in only one taxa

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7
Q

Simplesiomorphy

A

Feature shared with some members of a taxonomic group

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8
Q

Macroevolution vs micro

A

change above species level
change in allele frequency

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9
Q

Sources of genotypic variation

A

Gene duplication, mutation and recombination

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10
Q

Directional selction

A

individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than other individuals

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11
Q

Disruptive selection

A

natural selection when individuals at both ends of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more succesfully than other individuals

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12
Q

Stabilising selection

A

natural selection increase of common or intermediate traits become more common

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13
Q

Balancing selection

A

natural selection that maintains genetic diversity

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14
Q

Biological species concept

A

pop that can interbreed and produce viable offspring

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15
Q

Prezygotic barrier

A

Impedes mating and fertilization
-behaviour
-temporal
-mechanical
-habitat
-gametic

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16
Q

Postzygotic barrier

A

Stops hybrid from growing and producing viable offspring
reduced hybrid viability-genes interact and impair hybrids ability to develop of survive
reduced hybrid fertility-genes interact and make it so they are sterile and cant reproduce

17
Q

Great oxygenation event

A

due to cyanobacteria o2 toxic to anaerobic prokaryotes

18
Q

prokaryotes

A

-small unicellular
-high metabolic rates
-Dna in the form of circular genomes
-lack membrane enclosed organelles

19
Q

Prokaryotes cell wall

A

peptidoglycan
gram negative stain-thinner layer of peptidoglycan
gram positive stain- thick layer

20
Q

Fimbriae, flagella, pilli

A

fimbriae- short hair like structures
flagella- long whip structure for mobility
pilli-like flagella but for transfer of dna

21
Q

endospores

A

thick coat resilient cell production produced by some bacteria when they experience harsh environments

22
Q

reproduction of prokaryotes

A

asexual binary fission

23
Q

Prokaryotes three mechanisms for gene recombination

A

Transformation- external dna is taken up and integrated into prokaryote cells
Transduction-viruses carry dna from one bacteria to another
Conjugation- direct transfer of dna through physical contact

24
Q

obligate aerobes prokaryotes
Obligate anaerobe’s
facilitate anaerobes

A

rely on o2
inhibited by o2
take place in either

25
Q

prokaryotes and nitrogen

A

nitrogen into ammonia reduce greenhouse gases

26
Q

Diversity of prokaryotes domain bacteria

A

proteobacteria- gram negative endosymbiosis gives rise to mitochondria in eukaryotes
Chlamydia- parasite’s on animals gram negative
cyanobacteria- gram negative generate oxygen and give rise to chloroplasts through endosymbiosis
grampostive bacteria-gram postive stain decomposers

27
Q

Diversity of prokaryotes domain archaea

A

Methanogens-produce methane
extreme halophiles-live in high saline environment
extreme thermophiles-inhabit high temp environments

28
Q

Eukaryotes

A

linear dna
membrane bound organelles
arise due to GOE
cytoskeleton and cellular dynamics
sexual reproduction
unicellular-alternate between diploid and haploid and multicellular have specific sex organs

29
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

relationships where one is inside of the other
mitochodria and plastids formed from small prokaryote hosts living inside larger host cells

30
Q

Primary and secondary endosymbiont

A

primary-prokaryote in something else
secondary- eukaryote cell engulfed by another eukaryote

31
Q

Protists excavata cluster

A

modified mitochondria and distinct flagella Flagellates
diplomonads- lack plastids live in anaerobic environments
parabasalids- lack plastids modified mitochondria anerobic
euglozoens-one or more flagella crystalline rod
-kinetoplastids- kinetoplast circular dna
-euglenids- pellicle protein

32
Q

SAR Cluster Stramenopiles

A

two flagella one with hairlike projections
diatoms-two part silica cell wall and O2
Brown algae- large multicellular sea weed
oomycetes- resemble fungi heterotrophic cell wall of cellulose decomposers

33
Q

SAR cluster alveolates

A

alveoli
dinoflagellates- unicellular aquatic protists two flagella
apicomplexans- unicellular and parasitic absence of flagella and cilia for locomotion
ciliates- unicellular heterotrophic protists two nuclei asexual binary fission

34
Q

SAR Rhizarians

A

morphological synapomorphies pseudopodia mineral shells
Foraminifera-unicellular rhizarians CaCO3 mineral shells

35
Q

Archaeplastida Cluster

A

primary endosymbiosis
red algae- diverse group of multicellular red pigment
Green algae- multicellular protists green pigments chlorophytes and charophytes chlorophyll

36
Q

Amorphea

A

single flagellum or lack of one
amoebozoans- slime moulds, tubulinds and Unicellular and multicellular
slime moulds- group of protists known for large multicellular structures

37
Q

Streptophyta shared derived features

A

charophytes and land plants
features
-plasma membranes has rings of protein responsible for cellulose synthesis
-flagellated sperm
-phragmoplast

38
Q

Phylogeny of basal land plants

A

viridiplantae- embryophytes, charophytes, chlorophytes
Streptophyta- embryophytes and charophytes
embryophyta- most exclusive

39
Q
A

Biol 108 (12 decks)

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