Bio 108 Midterm 2 most challenging terms

Question 1

primordial soup

Answer 1

earth originated through chemical. rxns that gave rise to molecules of life

Question 2

protocells

Answer 2

packaging of amino acids proteins and nucleic acids
establish homeostasis and metabolism

Question 3

characteristics of prokaryotes 8

Answer 3

-earliest form of life
-small unicellular
-high metabolic rates
-diffusion sufficent
-diverse organization
-lack mebrane bound nucleas
-diverse shapes spheres (cocci) and rods (bacilli) and spheres
-circular dna

Question 4

Cell surface structures
prokaryotes

Answer 4

cell wall protection against intracellular fluid
made up of peptidoglycan
semi permeable membrane

Question 5

Gram stain

Answer 5

Distinguish different tyoes of bacteria based on composition of cell wall
Gram negative- violet stain only peptidoglycan
Gram positive- no violet stain and has thinner layer of peptidoglycan and lippopolysacceride

Question 6

Capsule prokaryotes

Answer 6

external to cell wall sticky adhesive coat allows prokaryote to stick onto surfaces
help evade immune cells

Question 7

frimbrae, flagella, pilli

Answer 7

frimbrae small hairlike help stick and flagella long whip like and help to move them forward
pilli-similar to frimbrae, sex pili bring form plastids between prokaryotes

Question 8

endospores prokaryote

Answer 8

thick coated cell some bacteria form to protect from harsh conditions. Dormant when produced and aren’t released until experience an environmental stress, uv high temps…

Question 9

Prokaryotes internal organization

Answer 9

lack enclosed membrane and compartmentalization

Question 10

DNA prokaryotes

Answer 10

smaller then eukaryotes
circular condensed genome
some bacteria have small circular dna called plasmids

Question 11

prokaryotes reproduction

Answer 11

asexual
binary fission

Question 12

Genetic recombination
transformation
transduction
conjugation

Answer 12

Transformation- external dna taken up by prokaryote. prokaryote dies it releases dna and plasmids which is taken up by other prokaryote
Transduction- phages viruses carry bacteria from one cell to another
Conjugation- touch each other physically direct transfer of DNA

Question 13

Prokaryotes metabolism

Answer 13

anabolism-build up molecules to release energy
catabolism- break down molecules to release energy

Question 14

prokaryotes domain bacteria

Answer 14

-proteobacteria
-chlamdydia
-spirochetes
-cyanobacteria
-gram postive bacteria

Question 15

proteobacteria

Answer 15

gram negative
different types alpha, beta
believed that alpha proteobacteria is related to eukaryotic hosts
mitochondria evolved from aerobic alpha proteobacteria endosymbiosis

Question 16

Chlamydia

Answer 16

gram negative parasite
excslusively on animal cells

Question 17

cyanobacteria

Answer 17

first to generate oxygen
chlorplasts in eukaryotes evolved through endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria

Question 18

Gram positive prokaryotes

Answer 18

gram positive stain
decomposers and some dangerous pathogens

Question 19

Archaea prokaryotes

Answer 19

methanogens-produce methane as a waste product
extreme halophiles-inhabit highly saline environments
extreme thermophiles- inhabit extreme temperatures and autotrophs

Question 20

biomediation

Answer 20

eliminating pollutant by organism (prokaryotes) by nitrogen fixation

Question 21

features of eukaryotes

Answer 21

-linear dna
-membrane bound organelles
-cytoskeleton and cellular dynamics
-sexual reproduction
-two types of life cycles
unicellular- alternation of haploid n and diploid 2n
multicellular- eukaryotes have distinct organs for gamete production

Question 22

3 steps of endosymbiont theory

Answer 22

1. plasma membrane formed around membranes- ER and nuclear envelope
2. endosymbiont relationship formed between the host prokaryote and the aerobic prokaryote symbiont (likely proteobacteria) use symbiont for energy-mitochondria
3. On one lineage other endosymbionts incorporated such as cyanobacteria-chloroplasts

Question 23

primary endosymbiosis
secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 23

prokaryote is engulfed by another organism
eukaryote is engulfed by another eukaryote

Question 24

Protists

Answer 24

Excavata cluster
SAR cluster
Archaeplastida
Amorphea

Question 25

Excavata cluster first two

Answer 25

unicellular, modified mitochondria and distinct flagella
lack cytoskeletal structures
Diplomonads- lack plastids and live in anaerobic conditions
parabasalids- lack plastids anaerobic modified mitochondria called hydrogenosomes

Question 26

Excavata cluster euglenozoans and two subgroups

Answer 26

Euglenozoans one or more flagella and crytalline rod
Kinetoplastid which have kinetoplasts which is a dense network of dna within mitichondria
euglenids- pellicle mesh proteins in plasma membrane

Question 27

SAR Cluster 3 lineages

Answer 27

SAR origin secondary endosymbiosis
most doverse lineage

Question 28

SAR Stramenopiles

Answer 28

two flagella one is covered by hair like projections
1. Diatoms -unicellular algae, oxygen and two part silica cell wall
2. Brown algae- multicellar complex algae seasweed. brown pigement call fucox… that allows them to get light at darker depth cell wall cellulose
3. Oomyctetes- filamtous heterotrophic and resemble fungi cell wall cellulose

Question 29

SAR alveolate

Answer 29

membrane bounded sacs called alveoli
Dinoflagellates-unicellular aquatic protist. two flagella
Ampicomplexans- unicellular parasitic protists with complex life cycles flagella and cilia for locomotion
Ciliates- unicellular heterotrophic protists cilia two nuclei and binary fission

Question 30

SAR-Rhizarians

Answer 30

lack morphological synapomorphies
pseudobodia thread like extensions of plasma membrane
Foraminifera- CaCO3 shells unicellular

Question 31

Archaeplastida cluster

Answer 31

Red Algae- red pigment multicellular absence of flagella
Green Algae- green pigement multicellular, form paraphyletic group with charophytes and chlorophytes have chloplasts with chlorophyll

Question 32

Amorphea cluster

Answer 32

Amoebozoans- unicellular or multicellular include slime moulds, tubilinds and entamoebas
slime moulds- protists that can form complex multicellular structures
-plasmodial-single cell
-cellular multiple cells multicoloured mass

Question 33

Shared derived features of streptophyta

Answer 33

plasma membrane has proteins responsible for cellulose synthesis
flagellated sperm

Question 34

Phylogeny of land plants

Answer 34

viridplantae-embrophytes, chlorophytes, charophytes
streotphyta- charophytes and embryophytes
embryophyta strictes

Question 35

Land adaptions-conserve water

Answer 35

Waxy cuticle
stomata

Question 36

lignified vascualr tissues

Answer 36

rigidity for growth
xylem-transport water through ducts dead cells
phloem-transport organic molecules through alive cells

Question 37

Alteration of two multicellular generations

Answer 37

sporophyte used for dispersal
gametophyte fertilization
fusion of two gametes- sporophyte
sporophyte releases spores
through mitosis spores develop into gametophyte
gametophytes generate gametes through mitosis

Question 38

Land plants feature embryo

Answer 38

stored in female gametophyte nourished by placental cells

Question 39

Land plant feature sporangia

Answer 39

organ in plants where meiosis occurs and heploid spores develop

Question 40

Two types of gametangia

Answer 40

archegonia- female eggs
antheridia- male sperm

Question 41

Apical meristems

Answer 41

dividing cells make plants grow in length differentiate into different tissue