Biol 108 final chapters 19,20,21

Question 1

Animals are phylogenetically closer to..

Answer 1

Fungi because they are both in the opisthokont amorphea
Multicellular heterotrophs eukaryotes with tissue that originated from embryonic layers

Question 2

Animals cell structure and specialization

Answer 2

Multicellular except for gametes
no cell wall
cells and tissues are connected by extracellular tissues
somatic cells differentiate

Question 3

two cells special to animals

Answer 3

muscle cells form muscle tissue and nervous cell (neurons)

Question 4

Animals mode of nutrition

Answer 4

chemoheterotrophs and the are also phagotrophic heterotrophs because they digest and ingest food internally

Question 5

Animals reproduction

Answer 5

Usually sexual and they are diploid at all stages of life cycle
meiosis of haploid gametes that then come together and form a diploid zygote
egg large non motile and sperm motile small
asexual- budding (only invertebrate), fragmentation, binary fission, parthenogenesis (embryo from unfertilized egg)

Question 6

Embryonic development

Answer 6

rapid mitotic division called cleavage completed at 8 cells
formation of multicellular blastula with hollow cavity called the blastocoel
Infolding forms gastrula pouch in archenteron opening called blastopore

Question 7

Who has blastula and gastrulation phase

Answer 7

ONLY ANIMALS

Question 8

Development is regulated by what in animals

Answer 8

Hox genes

Question 9

Development postnatal ontogeny 2 types

Answer 9

direct development- ontogeny is divided from juvenile to adult stage

indirect development- ontogeny is divided into larval stage and juvenile stages bridged by metamorphosis

Question 10

mobile during development

Answer 10

at least once

Question 11

Body Plan

Answer 11

symmetry either radial or bilateral
tissues- integrated group of cells with common structures and functions
tissues come from embryonic layers
ectoderm- nervous system
endoderm-archenteron lines the development of the digestive tube
triploblastic has mesoderm- bones, organs and muscle tissues

Question 12

Body cavity

Answer 12

only present in triploblastic fluid or air filled space between digestive tract and body wall

Question 13

Haemocoel

Answer 13

forms from mesoderm and it is the primary body cavity, gives rise to blastocoel
circulates nutrients and waste
hydrostatic skeleton

Question 14

secondary cavity

Answer 14

coelom- formed from mesoderm
coelomic fluids
forms structures and suspends internal organs
allows internal organs to deform such as the heart
hydrostatic skeleton

Question 15

Lack body cavity

Answer 15

small flat animals that use diffusion to circulate nutrients and wastes

Question 16

Protosome development

Answer 16

cleavage- spiral and determinate
coelom formation- schizocoely and this is the splitting of the mesoderm
fate of blastopore- mouth

Question 17

Deutrosome development

Answer 17

cleavage- radial and indeterminate
coelom formation- enterocoely and this is budding off of mesoderm pouch from archenteron
Fate of blastopore- anus the secondary mouth

Question 18

Protist common ancestor

Answer 18

animals share last common ancestor of a chaonoflaggellate protist from clade opisthokont

Question 19

Chaonoflaggellate protists

Answer 19

unicellular heterotrophic sister group to animals
funnel shaped collar of microvilli

Question 20

Evidence why protist is a common ancestor

Answer 20

collar cells in sponges
resemblance with animals not seen in fungi or plants
dna sequence homogeny

Question 21

Neoproteozoic era

Answer 21

planktonic algae
neoproterozoic oxygenation event
presence of soft body multicellular organisms
sessile organisms

Question 22

Neoproterozoic era cambrian explosion

Answer 22

rapid appearance of most animal phyla
some taxa (sponges) predated this event
hard body skeletons
Neoproterozoic oxygenation even led to increased body size increase O2
evolution of predation- increase in body complex body structures to help defend
evolution of how genes

Question 23

Palaeozoic era
mesozoic era
Cenozoic era

Answer 23

p-animal diversity increased but then effected by end permian extinction, invertebrate moved to terra firmer
m- dinosaurs, mammals feathers, flight
c- diverse animals occupy different niches

Question 24

Porifera (sponges) absence of tissue

Answer 24

absence of tissue- adult sponges lack nervous circulatory systems
use
Spicules- needles or rods made of silica or CaCO3
spongin- flexible fibrous collagen protein in some sponges

Question 25

Sponge body

Answer 25

composed of two layers epidermis and choanocytes separated by gel like non cellular matrix
4 cell types
porocytes- pores of sponge allow water through
epidermal cells- form the outer layer tightly packed cells
chaonocytes- collar cells line the inner cavity of the sponge they capture food particles and deliver o2 and nutrients remove waste and co2 sperm
Mobile amoebocytes- found in mesohyl where they transport nutrients to other cells if sponge body eggs

Question 26

Porifera suspension feeding

Answer 26

food particles are suspended in water and passed through their body
water drawn in by pores
microvilli of chaonocytes trap and engulf food transfer to amoebocytes
water exits

Question 27

Porifera reproduction

Answer 27

hermophrodites- male and female
sperm- chaonocytes
eggs- amoebocytes
some asexual fragmentation

Question 28

Eumetozoa

Answer 28

presence of tissue two most basal is cnidaria Ctenophora-diploblastic and radial symmetry

Question 29

Cnidaria body plan

Answer 29

diploblastic and radially symmetric
sac like body plan
outer epidermis derived from ectoderm and inner gastrodermis lines gastrovascular cavity, derived from endoderm
separated by middle jelly
single opening with tentacles cnidocytes
gas exchange through epidermis diffusion

Question 30

2 types of cnadarian body plans

Answer 30

sessile polyp-attached to substrate and oral end upward
mobile medusa- movement by hydroskeleton and oral end downward

Question 31

Cnidarian feeding

Answer 31

pradetors use tentacles to capture food tentacles- cnidocytes

Question 32

Life cycle of hydrozoans (cnidarians)

Answer 32

Polyp stage and medusa stage
adult medusas release gametes
gametes form zygote
zygote develops into free living larvae
settles on surface and forms a polyp which grows and buds
Polyp creates medusa asexually to restart cycle