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BIOL 1057 > Biol 1057 - chemsitry of life > Flashcards

Biol 1057 - chemsitry of life Flashcards

1
Q

Define a chemical bond

A

Occurs when atoms are held together by forces of attraction

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2
Q

What are biological molecules

A
  • Biological molecules are found in living organisms and are made of atoms
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3
Q

Briefly outline ionic bonding

A
  • Ioinic bond is the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
  • (METAL AND NON METAL - NaCl)
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4
Q

Briefly outline covalent bonding

A
  • Covalent bond is when 2 or more atoms share 1 or more pairs of elections which forms a molecule
    ( 2 NON METAL - H2 )
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5
Q

Briefly outline why hydrogen bonding happens

A

OXYGEN IS MORE ELECTRONEGATIVE THEAN HYDROGEN AND ELECTRONS UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED
O has a slight negative charge(δ-)
H has a slight positive charge(δ+)
- leading to a weak electrostatic attraction (hydrogen bonding)

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6
Q

Outline 2 basic facts about water

A
  • All living organisms are 70-90% H20
  • 3/4 of the earth is covered in H20
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7
Q

Outline 2 properties of water due to hydrogen bonding

A
  • Cohesion & surface tenstion between water molecules
    = Allows long columns of water to travel in tube-like transport cells of plants
  • Adhesive
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8
Q

Outline 2 properties of water due to hydrogen bonding

A
  • Good solvent
    = Facilitates chemical reactions inside and outside of the body
    = Dissolves hydrophillic substances like polar solutes (HYDROPHOBIC CANNOT)
  • Regulates temperature
    = Body temperature regulation - sweating
    = Ice is less dense that liquid H2O - ice floats
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9
Q

Describe what is meant by monosaccharides and disaccharides and polysaccharides

A

M
- Monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made from
Examples -
GLUCOSE
FRUCTOSE
GALACTOSE
D
- Made from condensation 2 monosaccharides forming glycosidic bond
Examples -
MALTOSE = Glucose molecule + Glucose molecule
SUCROSE = Glucose molecule + Fructose molecule
LACTOSE = Glucose molecule + Galactose molecule
P
- Made from the condensation of many glucose units forming glycosidic bonds
Examples -
STARCH = condensation of a-glucose
GLYCOGEN = condensation of a-glucose
CELLULOSE = condensation of b-glucose

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10
Q

Briefly outline Starch, glycogen and cellulose

A

G
- 1,4 & 1,6 glycosidic bonds so branched
- Condensation of a-glucose
- Main energy store molecule in animals & highly branched to insrease SA for hydrolysis
S
- Main energy store in plants
- Condensation of a-glucose
- amylose 1,4 & amylopectin1,6
C
- 1,4 glycosidic bonds
- Cell walls in plants
- Condensation of b-glucose
- Unbranched straight chains and hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

Structure of glucose(BOTH)

A
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12
Q

Outline how proteins are made and the structure

A
  • Amino acids are the monomers from which proteins are made
    H

NH₂ - C - COOH

           R - 20 different amino acids based on R groups
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13
Q

Briefly outline the 2 types of amino acids

A
  • Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the human body (11/20)
  • Essential amino acids cannotbe synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through the diet (9/20)
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14
Q

Describe the condensation reactions in amino acids.

A

Dipeptides = Condensation of 2 amino acids to form a peptide bond
(NH2 and carboxyl)

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15
Q

Describe how the structure of a protein depends on the amino acids it contains

A
  1. Primary structure is sequence of amino
    acids on polypeptide
  2. Secondary structure are α-helices or β-pleated sheets with hydrogen bonds
  3. Tertiary structure formed by interactions between R groups
    - Tertiary structure creates active sites in eznymes
  4. Quaternary structure formed by bonds between more than 1polypeptide chain to form specific 3D shape
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16
Q

Describe what is meant by an enzyme.

A
  • Enzymes are:
    ➢Highly specific
    ➢Extremely efficient
    ➢Subject to cellular controls
17
Q

Briefly outline enzyme action

A
  • Substrate binds to enzyme at active site to for enzyme substrate complex
  • Enzyme catalyses reaction and transforms substrate into products
  • After reaction, enzyme remains unchanged
18
Q

Outline characteristics lipids share

A
  • Hydrophobic = insoluble to water
  • Soluble in organic solvents, such as alcohol
  • Two main groups – triglycerides (fats & oils) and phospholipids
  • They contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
19
Q

Outline the roles of lipids

A

Source of Energy – more than twice the energy as the same mass of carbohydrates
Waterproofing – prevents water loss
Insulation – slow conductors of heat so they help the body retain heat.
Protection –fat is stored around delicate organs like the kidneys

20
Q

Describe how the 2 types of lipids are formed

A

Triglycerides
- Formed by condensation of
1 GLYCEROL MOLECULE & 3 FATTY ACIDS
- Joined by ester bonds & 3 waters released
Phospholipids
- Formed by condensation of
1 GLYCEROL MOLECULE BACKBONE &
2 HYDROPHOBIC FATTY ACID TAILS
Joined by ester bonds
~~~

&= 1 HYDROPHILLIC PHOSPHATE HEAD formed by phosphodiester bond NOT ESTER & NOT CONDENSATION

21
Q

Describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chains.

A

Saturated
- Only contains single C-C bonds between carbon atoms
- Higher melting points
Unsaturated
- Contains 1 or more C=C bonds between carbon atoms
- Lower melting points

22
Q

What are steroids

A

Steroids - backbone of four fused carbon rings
INCL = cholestrol, testosterone and oestrogen

23
Q

Describe the structure of a DNA nucleotide.

A

NUCLEOTIDES ARE THE MONOMERS
- Deoxyribose(Pentose sugar)
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogenous base
ADENINE, THYMINE, CYTOSINE, GUANINE
- form polynucleotide double helix structure

24
Q

Describe the structure of a RNA nucleotide.

A
  • Ribose(Pentose sugar)
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogenous base
    ADENINE, URACIL, CYTOSINE, GUANINE
  • form single polynucleotide chain
25
Q

Describe how a polynucleotide strand is formed.

A
  • Condensation reaction between deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group creating a phosphodiester bond
26
Q

Describe how a DNA molecule is made

A
  • Double helix structure with 2 polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds
    (Between complementary bases)
    ADENINE & THYMINE - 2 hydrogen bonds
    CYTOSINE & GUANINE - 3 hydrogen bonds
27
Q

Describe the structure of ATP & reveal the name

A
  • Adenosine Triphosphate
  • Nucleotide Derivative & formed from
    = a molecule of ribose(PENTAGON)
    = a molecule of adenine(RECTANGLE)
    = 3 phosphate groups
28
Q

Describe the function of ATP

A
  • ATP is the principal energy storing molecule in the body
  • Energy is released from ATP when the end phosphate is removed, and it becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate),
    which is a low energy molecule

BIOL 1057 (10 decks)

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