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Genes, Cells, Tissue 1 > Biochemistry Wk 3 > Flashcards

Biochemistry Wk 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are amino acids

A

are organic compounds containing
amine [- NH2]
carboxyl [-COOH]
side chain [R group]

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2
Q

What are the major key elements of amino acids

A

carbon,hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen.
500 amino acids are know but only 20 appear in genetic code

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3
Q

How can we classify amino acids

A

R group
Polarity and R group
Distribution in protein
Nutritional requirements

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4
Q

Based on the R group
What is a simple amino acid

A

these have no functional group in their side chain.
Eg: glycine

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5
Q

What is hydroxyl amino acids

A

these have a hydroxyl group in their side chain
Eg: serine, threonine

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6
Q

What are sulfur containing amino acids

A

have sulfur in their side chain
Eg: cysteine, methionine

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7
Q

What are aromatic amino acids

A

have benzene ring in their side chain
Eg: phenylalanine, tyrosine

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8
Q

What are heterocyclic amino acids

A

having a side chain ring which possess at least on atom
other than carbon

E.g Tryptophan, histidine, proline

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9
Q

What is a branched chain amino acid

A

Is an amino acid having aliphatic side-chains with a branch
Eg: leucine, isoleucine, valine

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10
Q

What are acidic amino acids

A

have carboxyl group in their side chain
Eg: Aspartic and Glutamic acid

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11
Q

What are basic amino acids

A

Basic amino acids: contain amino group in their side chain
Eg: Lysine, Arginine

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12
Q

What are imino acids

A

Amino acids containing a secondary amine group
Eg: Proline

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13
Q

What is a secondary amino group

A

An amino group formed by replacement of two of the hydrogen atoms in ammonia by groups or atoms other than hydrogen atoms.

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14
Q

Polarity and R groups
What are amino acids with a non polar r group

A

These are hydrocarbons in nature,hydrophobic, have aliphatic and aromatic groups

Ala, Val, Leu, and Ile-often involved in hydrophobic interactions for stabilizing protein structure

Phe and Tyr: benzene rings. Tryptophan: indole ring.

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15
Q

What are Amino acids with polar but uncharged R Group

A

these amino acids are polar and possess neutral pH value.
Eg: Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Tyrosine, Glutamine, Asparagine

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16
Q

The groups are hydrophilic in polar but uncharged. Explain this

A
  • hydroxyl groups
  • sulfur atoms
    -amide groups
17
Q

What are negatively charged amino acids

A

their side chain [R Group] contain extra carboxyl group with a dissociable proton.
And renders electrochemical behaviour to proteins
E.g aspartate and glutamate

18
Q

What are positively charged amino acids

A

their side chain have extra amino group Rendering basic nature to protein.
E.g lysine, arginine, histidine

19
Q

What is maple syrup urine disease

A

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare but serious inherited condition.

It means the body cannot process certain amino acids (the “building blocks” of protein), causing a harmful build-up of substances in the blood and urine.

Symptoms of MSUD usually appear within the first few days or weeks after birth. More general symptoms include:

sweet-smelling urine and sweat
poor feeding or loss of appetite
weight loss

Babies are unable to break down amino acids called leucine, isoleucine and valine. Very high levels of these amino acids are harmful.

20
Q

What are the non polar amino acids

A

Glycine
Alanine
Proline
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Tryptophane
Phenylalanine

21
Q

What are polar, uncharged amino acids

A

Cysteine
Asparagine
Glutamine
Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine

22
Q

What are charged amino acids with positive charge

A

Histidine
Arginine
Lysine

23
Q

What are charged amino acids with a negative charge

A

Aspartate
Glutamate

24
Q

What are standard protein amino acids

A

the amino acids that are used to form proteins
Eg:Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan,and valine

25
Q

What are non standard protein amino acids

A

these amino acids are not required to build proteins,have a vital role as metabolic intermediates.
Eg. Hydroxyproline, Hydroxylysine, Carboxyglutamate

26
Q

What are non standard non protein amino acid

A

These are the derivative of amino acids and have role in metabolism. Eg: Alpha amino butyrate, Citruline, Ornithine, beta-alanine.

27
Q

What are essential amino acids

A

Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body. As a result, they must come from food. The essential amino acids are: Arginine,histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,
methionine,phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

28
Q

What are non essential amino acids

A

An amino acid that can be made by humans and so isn’t essential to the human diet.
The nonessential amino acids: Alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine.

29
Q

What are semi essential amino acids

A

Histidine
Arginine

30
Q

What are leucine and lysine

A

Ketogenic

31
Q

What are phenylalanine, isoleucine, threonine, tryptophan

A

Ketogenic or glucogenic

32
Q

What is methionine, valine, arginine, histidine

A

Glucogenic

33
Q

What are alanine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamate,glutamine,glycine,proline,serine and cysteine

A

Glucogenic

34
Q

What is tyrosine

A

Ketogenic or glucogenic

35
Q

Modified amino acids

A

After synthesis of a protein has been completed, a few amino acid residues in the primary sequence may be further modified in enzyme-catalyzed reactions that add a chemical group, oxidize, or otherwise modify specific amino acids in the protein.

This process is known as posttranslational modification

36
Q

How many psottranslationally modified amino acids have been found in human proteins

A

100

Genes, Cells, Tissue 1 (54 decks)

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