Biochemistry Wk 3 Flashcards
What are amino acids
are organic compounds containing
amine [- NH2]
carboxyl [-COOH]
side chain [R group]
What are the major key elements of amino acids
carbon,hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen.
500 amino acids are know but only 20 appear in genetic code
How can we classify amino acids
R group
Polarity and R group
Distribution in protein
Nutritional requirements
Based on the R group
What is a simple amino acid
these have no functional group in their side chain.
Eg: glycine
What is hydroxyl amino acids
these have a hydroxyl group in their side chain
Eg: serine, threonine
What are sulfur containing amino acids
have sulfur in their side chain
Eg: cysteine, methionine
What are aromatic amino acids
have benzene ring in their side chain
Eg: phenylalanine, tyrosine
What are heterocyclic amino acids
having a side chain ring which possess at least on atom
other than carbon
E.g Tryptophan, histidine, proline
What is a branched chain amino acid
Is an amino acid having aliphatic side-chains with a branch
Eg: leucine, isoleucine, valine
What are acidic amino acids
have carboxyl group in their side chain
Eg: Aspartic and Glutamic acid
What are basic amino acids
Basic amino acids: contain amino group in their side chain
Eg: Lysine, Arginine
What are imino acids
Amino acids containing a secondary amine group
Eg: Proline
What is a secondary amino group
An amino group formed by replacement of two of the hydrogen atoms in ammonia by groups or atoms other than hydrogen atoms.
Polarity and R groups
What are amino acids with a non polar r group
These are hydrocarbons in nature,hydrophobic, have aliphatic and aromatic groups
Ala, Val, Leu, and Ile-often involved in hydrophobic interactions for stabilizing protein structure
Phe and Tyr: benzene rings. Tryptophan: indole ring.
What are Amino acids with polar but uncharged R Group
these amino acids are polar and possess neutral pH value.
Eg: Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Tyrosine, Glutamine, Asparagine
The groups are hydrophilic in polar but uncharged. Explain this
- hydroxyl groups
- sulfur atoms
-amide groups
What are negatively charged amino acids
their side chain [R Group] contain extra carboxyl group with a dissociable proton.
And renders electrochemical behaviour to proteins
E.g aspartate and glutamate
What are positively charged amino acids
their side chain have extra amino group Rendering basic nature to protein.
E.g lysine, arginine, histidine
What is maple syrup urine disease
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare but serious inherited condition.
It means the body cannot process certain amino acids (the “building blocks” of protein), causing a harmful build-up of substances in the blood and urine.
Symptoms of MSUD usually appear within the first few days or weeks after birth. More general symptoms include:
sweet-smelling urine and sweat
poor feeding or loss of appetite
weight loss
Babies are unable to break down amino acids called leucine, isoleucine and valine. Very high levels of these amino acids are harmful.
What are the non polar amino acids
Glycine
Alanine
Proline
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Tryptophane
Phenylalanine
What are polar, uncharged amino acids
Cysteine
Asparagine
Glutamine
Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine
What are charged amino acids with positive charge
Histidine
Arginine
Lysine
What are charged amino acids with a negative charge
Aspartate
Glutamate
What are standard protein amino acids
the amino acids that are used to form proteins
Eg:Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan,and valine
What are non standard protein amino acids
these amino acids are not required to build proteins,have a vital role as metabolic intermediates.
Eg. Hydroxyproline, Hydroxylysine, Carboxyglutamate
What are non standard non protein amino acid
These are the derivative of amino acids and have role in metabolism. Eg: Alpha amino butyrate, Citruline, Ornithine, beta-alanine.
What are essential amino acids
Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body. As a result, they must come from food. The essential amino acids are: Arginine,histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,
methionine,phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
What are non essential amino acids
An amino acid that can be made by humans and so isn’t essential to the human diet.
The nonessential amino acids: Alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine.
What are semi essential amino acids
Histidine
Arginine
What are leucine and lysine
Ketogenic
What are phenylalanine, isoleucine, threonine, tryptophan
Ketogenic or glucogenic
What is methionine, valine, arginine, histidine
Glucogenic
What are alanine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamate,glutamine,glycine,proline,serine and cysteine
Glucogenic
What is tyrosine
Ketogenic or glucogenic
Modified amino acids
After synthesis of a protein has been completed, a few amino acid residues in the primary sequence may be further modified in enzyme-catalyzed reactions that add a chemical group, oxidize, or otherwise modify specific amino acids in the protein.
This process is known as posttranslational modification
How many psottranslationally modified amino acids have been found in human proteins
100
