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Genes, Cells, Tissue 1 > Anatomy Wk 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Wk 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vertebral column

A
  • extending from the cranium to the apex of the coccyx
  • protects the spinal cord and nerves
  • supports the weight of the body superior to the level of the pelvis
    -plays an important role in posture and locomotion
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2
Q

What happens before birth

A
  • the spine consists of 33 separate bones called the vertebrae
  • 9 of these eventually fuse to form the two composite bones, the sacrum and coccyx, that construct the inferior portion of the vertebral column
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3
Q

Name the segmentation of the vertebral column

LOOK AT GOODNOTES TEXTBOOK

A

33 segments
Cervical segment - 7 vertebrae
Thoracic segment- 12 vertebrae
Lumbar segment - 5 vertebrae
Sacral segment- 5 vertebrae
Coccygeal segment- 4 vertebrae

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4
Q

What are the spinal curvatures

A

Primary- thoracic and sacral convex
Secondary- cervical and lumbar concave

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5
Q

When are the primary curvatures present

A

When we are born

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6
Q

When are the secondary curvatures present

A

They develop sometime after birth

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7
Q

Name the abnormal curvatures

A

Kyphosis- abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature
Lordosis - anterior rotation of the pelvis producing an abnormal increase in the lumbar curvature
Scoliosis abnormal lateral curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae
Scoliosis-abnormal lateral curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae

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8
Q

LOOK AT GOODNOTES BOOK FOR ABNORMAL CURVATURES

A
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9
Q

Describe the body or centrum

A

Disc - like, weight - bearing part of the vertebra facing anteriorly in the vertebral column

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the vertebral arch

A

Arch formed from the joining of all posterior extensions, the laminae and pedicels, from the vertebral body

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11
Q

Describe the vertebral foramen

A

Canal through which the spinal cord passes

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12
Q

What are the transverse processes

A

Two lateral projections from the vertebral arch

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13
Q

What is the spinous process

A

Single projection arising from the posterior aspect of the vertebral arch

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14
Q

What is the superior articular and inferior articular process

A

Paired projections lateral to vertebral foramen, allowing a vertebra to form joints with adjacent vertebrae

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15
Q

LOOK AT GOODNOTES NOTEBOOK

A
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16
Q

What does the typical vertebrae consist of

A

Vertebral body and vertebral arch

Extending from the vertebral arch are a number of processes from a vertebral arch are a number of processes fro muscle attachment and articulation with adjacent bone

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17
Q

What is the vertebral body

A

Major weight bearing part of the vertebrae and is linked to adjacent vertebral bodies by in-vertebral discs and ligaments

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18
Q

LOOK AT GOODNOTES BOOK

A
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19
Q

Where is the vertebral arch

A

Firmly anchored tot he posterior surface of the vertebral body by two pedicles, which form lateral pillars of the vertebral arch

The roof of the vertebral arch is formed by right and left laminate which fuse to the midline

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20
Q

Where are the vertebral arch aligned

A

Form the lateral and posterior walls of the vertebral canal which extends to the first cervical vertebra (c1) to the last sacral vertebra (s5)

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21
Q

What is the function of the vertebral arch

A

Bony canal contains the spinal cord and its protective membranes, together with blood vessels, connective tissue, fat and proximal part of the spinal nerves

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22
Q

What are the characteristic projections of the vertebral arch

A
  • attachment for muscles and ligaments
  • levers for the action of muscles
  • sites of articulation with adjacent vertebrae
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23
Q

Where does the spinous project project from

A

Posteriorly and inferiority from the roof of the vertebral arch

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24
Q

Each vertebra also contains…

A

Rib elements

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25
Q

Where are the typical cervical vertebrae

A

C3 through to C7

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26
Q

Describe the cervical vertebrae

A

Smallest, lightest vertebrae and most often their spinous processes are short and divided into two branches

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27
Q

What do the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae contain

A

Foramina (openings) through which the vertebral arteries pass on their way to the brain above

28
Q

LOOK AT GOODNOTES TEXTBOOK

A
29
Q

What is the transverse foramen

A

Is an opening that is occupied by the vertebral artery and vein

30
Q

What is the atlas

A

Vertebra C1 articulates with the head. It’s major distinguishing feature is that it lacks the vertebral body

31
Q

What does the vertebral body of C1 fuse to

A

Body of C2 during the development to become the dens of C2 as a result there is no invertebral disc between c1 and c2

32
Q

What are the atlas and axis specialised to do

A

Accommodate movement of the head

33
Q

What does each lateral mass articulate with

A

An occipital condyle of the skull and below with the superior articular process of the vertebra C2 (the axis)

34
Q

What are the transverse processes of the atlas

A

Large and protrude further laterally and act as levers for muscle action

35
Q

What is the axis characterised by

A

The large tooth like dens, which extends superiority from the vertebral body

36
Q

Describe the anterior surface of the dens

A

Oval facet for articulation with the anterior arch of the atlas

37
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there

A

12 (T1 to T12) are all typical

38
Q

Describe the size of the thoracic vertebrae

A

Larger than cervical vertebrae and by the fact that they are the only vertebrae to articulate the ribs

39
Q

Describe the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae

A

Articulate with tubercles of the ribs

40
Q

What is the spinous process

A

Long and hook sharply downward causing the vertebra to like a giraffes head

41
Q

LOOK AT GOODNOTES BOOK

A
42
Q

Describe the lumbar vertebrae

A

5 (L1to L5). Has massive block like bodies that are shaped like a kidney bean

Larger and heavier than those of other regions

43
Q

LOOK AT GOODNOTES BOOK

A
44
Q

What is the sacrum

A

Is formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae - each winglike ala articulates laterally with the hip bone forming a sacroiliac joint - forms posterior wall of the pelvis

45
Q

What is the coccyx

A

Is formed by the fusion of 4 or 5 tiny irregularly shaped vertebrae

46
Q

LOOK AT GOODNOTES BOOK

A
47
Q

What is intervertebral foramina

A

The foramen is formed between adjacent vertebral arches and is closely related to intervertebral joints

  • the superior and inferior margins are formed by notches in adjacent pedicles
  • the posterior margin is formed by the articulation processes of the vertebral arches and associated joints
  • the anterior border is formed by the intervertebral disc
48
Q

LOOK AT GOODNOTES BOOK

A
49
Q

What are the joints of the vertebral column

A
  • joints of vertebral bodies
  • joints of vertebral arches
  • craniovertebral joints
  • sacroiliac joints
50
Q

What are the two major types of joints between vertebrae

A

Symphyses between vertebral bodies
Synovial joints between articulation processes

51
Q

LOOK AT GOODNOTES BOOK

A
52
Q

What is the symphysis formed by

A

Layer of hyaline cartilage on each vertebral body and invertebral disc which lies between layers

53
Q

What does the intervertebral disc consist of

A

Outer annulus fibrosis - which surrounds a nucleus pulposus -> which is gelatinous and absorbs compression forces between vertebrae

54
Q

What are the joints between vertebral arches called

A

Zygapophysical joints

55
Q

Where are the zygapophysical joints

A

The synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes on adjacent vertebrae

56
Q

What are uncovertebral joints

A

The lateral margins of the upper surfaces of typical cervical vertebrae are elevated into crests or lips and termed as uncinate processes

57
Q

What are ligaments

A

Joints between vertebrae are reinforced and supported by numerous ligaments which pass between vertebral bodies and interconnect components of the vertebral arches

58
Q

What is the anterior longitudes ligament

A

Is attached superiority to the base of the skull and extends inferiorly to attach to the anterior surface of the sacrum

  • along its length it is attached to the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
59
Q

What is the posterior longitudinal ligament

A

On posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies and lines the posterior surface of the vertebral canal

60
Q

What is ligamenta Flava

A

On each side, pass between the laminae of adjacent vertebrae
- resist separation of the laminae in flexion and assist in extension back to the anatomical position

61
Q

Where does the supraspinous ligament connect and pass

A

Along the tips of the vertebral spinous processes from vertebra C7 to the sacrum

62
Q

What is the vertebra C7 to the skull called

A

Ligament is called ligamentum nuchae

63
Q

What is the structure and function of ligamentum uncharted

A

Is a sheet like structure in the medial Sagittal plane

Supports the head - it resists flexion and facilitates returning the head to the anatomical position

64
Q

What are interspinous liagments

A

Pass between adjacent vertebral spinous processes
They attach from the base to the apex of each spinous process and blend with a supraspinous ligament posteriorly and the ligamenta flava on each side

65
Q

Typical spinal curvature of a baby and adult

A

Baby c shaped
Adult s shaped

Genes, Cells, Tissue 1 (54 decks)

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