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Genes, Cells, Tissue 1 > Anatomy Wk 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy Wk 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy

A

Includes those structures that can be seen grossly and microscopically

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2
Q

How can gross anatomy be studied

A

With a regional approach- each region of the body is studied separately and all aspects of that region are studied at the same time

Systemic approach- each system of the body is studied and followed throughout the whole body

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3
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A

The body is in the anatomical position when standing upright with feet together, hands by the side and face looking forward. The mouth is closed and the facial expres- sion is neutral.
Palms of the hand face forward

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4
Q

Describe the anatomical planes

A

Coronal planes- vertically divide the body into anterior and posterior parts

Sagittal planes- are oriented vertically but are at right angles of the coronal planes and divide the body into right and left parts

Transverse, horizontal or axial planes- divide the body into superior and inferior parts

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5
Q

Describe the terms used for location

A

Superior (cranial or cephalic) - toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body

Inferior (caudal) - away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body

Anterior (ventral)- toward or at the front of the body

Posterior (dorsal) - toward the backside of the body

Medial - toward or at the midline of the body ; on the inner side of

Lateral- away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Intermediate- between a more medial or lateral structure

Proximal- close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal - farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial - toward the body surface

Deep- away from the body surface; more internal

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6
Q

Describe the terms of movement

A

Extension and flexion
Supination and pronation
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
Eversion and inversion
Abduction and adduction
Elevation and depression
Opposition and reposition
Retrusion and protrusion
Protraction and retraction

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7
Q

Name the terms of laterality

A

Bilateral - paired structures having right and left members (eg kidneys)

Unilateral- occurring on one side only (eg spleen)

Ipsilateral- occurring on the same side of the body ( eg right thumb and right great toe)

Contralateral- occurring on the opposite side of the body ( eg the right hand is counterlateral to the left hand)

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8
Q

Name the two body cavities

A

Dorsal - cranial and spinal

Ventral- the superior thoracic cavity, inferior a domino pelvic cavity

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9
Q

Name the two subgroups of the skeleton

A

Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

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10
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of

A

The bones of skull ( cranium)
Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum

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11
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of

A

Bones of the upper and lower limb

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12
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of

A

Cartilage
Bone

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13
Q

What is cartilage and what are its functions

A

Form of connective tissue consisting of extra cellular fibres embedded in a matrix

Functions:
Support soft tissues

Provide a smooth gliding surface for bone articulations and joints

Enable the development and growth of long bones

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14
Q

Name the three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline- matrix that contains a moderate amount of collagen fibres

Elastic - contains collagen fibres along with a large number of elastic fibres

Fibrocartilage- contains limited number of cells and ground substance and a substantial amount of collagen fibres

Cartilage is nourished by diffusion

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15
Q

What is bone

A

Calcified, living connective tissue that forms majority of the skeleton

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16
Q

What are the functions of bone

A

Support structures for the body
Protectors of vital organs
Reservoirs of calcium and phosphorus
Levers on which muscles act to produce movement
Containers for blood producing cells

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17
Q

Name the two types of bone and describe the bone shapes

A

Compact and spongy

Long bones are tubular (eg humerus in upper limb)
Short bones are cuboidal (eg bones of the wrist and ankle)
Flat bones consist of two compact bone plates separated by spongy bone (eg skull)
Irregular bones are bones with various shapes (eg bones of the face)
Sesamoid bones are round or oval bones that develop in tendons

18
Q

What are all bones covered externally by

A

By a fibrous connective tissue membrane called the periosteum

19
Q

Describe the process of bone development

A

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts, dividing cells in growing cartilage tissue, thereby forming a cartilagenous bone model

20
Q

What are joints

A

The sites where two skeletal elements come together

21
Q

Name the two joints

A

The skeletal elements are separated by a cavity (synovial joints)

There is no cavity and the components are held together by connective tissue ( eg solid joints)

22
Q

What are the features of the synovial joints

A

Hyaline cartilage
Joint capsule consisting of inner synovial membrane and an outer fibrous membrane
Synovial membrane
Articular discs
Fat pads
Tendons

23
Q

Name the specific types of synovial joints

A

Plane joints - allow sliding or gliding movements when one bone moves across the surface of another

Hinge joints- allow movement around one axis that passes transversely through the joint : permit flexion and extension

Pivot joints- allow movement around one axis that passes longitudinally along the shaft of the bone ; permit rotation

Bicondylar- allow movement mostly in one axis with limited rotation around second axis

Condylar- allow movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other permit flexion, extension abduction, adduction and circumduction

Saddle joints - allow movement around tow axes that are right angles of each other permit flexion, extension,abduction, adduction and circumduction

Ball and socket joints- allow movement around multiple axes permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation

24
Q

Describe the different types solid joints

A

Fibrous joints

Sutures- only in the skull, where adjacent bones are linked together by a thin layer of connective tissue

Gomphoses- occur only between the teeth and adjacent bone

Syndesmoses- joints which two adjacent bones are linked by a ligament

Cartilaginous joints - include synchondorses and symphyses

25
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of

A

Hair
Skin
Fingernails

26
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of

A

Joints
Cartilages
bones

27
Q

What does the muscular system consist of

A

Skeletal muscles

28
Q

What does the nervous system consist of

A

Brain
Sensory receptor
Spinal cord
Nerves

29
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of

A

Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Testes
Ovary

30
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of

A

Heart
Blood vessels

31
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of

A

Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels

32
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of

A

Nasal cavity
Trachea
Lungs
Bronchi

33
Q

What does the digestive system consist of

A

Oesophagus
Stomach
Small and large intestine

34
Q

What does the urinary system consist of

A

Kidney
Ureter

35
Q

Male and female reproductive system

A

Ovary
Testes

36
Q

What are bone markings

A

Where tendons, ligaments, fascia are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to enter bones

37
Q

What joints are uniaxial

A

Pivot
Hinge
Plane

38
Q

What joints are biaxial

A

Condyloid
Saddle

39
Q

What joints are multiaxial

A

Ball and socket

40
Q

Functions of the skin

A

Protection- for the body from environmental effects such as abrasions and harmful substances
Heat regulation- through sweat glands, blood vessels and fat deposits
Sensation- by way of superficial nerves and their sensory endings
Synthesis and storage of vit D

41
Q

Skin consists of

A

Dermis- basal (deep) regenerative and pigmented connective tissue layer
Epidermis - superficial cellular layer, which creates a tough protective outer surface

42
Q

Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)

A

Located between the dermis and underlying deep fascia
Provides for most of the body’s fat storage
Composed of loose connective tissue and fat

Genes, Cells, Tissue 1 (54 decks)

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