Anatomy Wk 1 Flashcards
What is anatomy
Includes those structures that can be seen grossly and microscopically
How can gross anatomy be studied
With a regional approach- each region of the body is studied separately and all aspects of that region are studied at the same time
Systemic approach- each system of the body is studied and followed throughout the whole body
Describe the anatomical position
The body is in the anatomical position when standing upright with feet together, hands by the side and face looking forward. The mouth is closed and the facial expres- sion is neutral.
Palms of the hand face forward
Describe the anatomical planes
Coronal planes- vertically divide the body into anterior and posterior parts
Sagittal planes- are oriented vertically but are at right angles of the coronal planes and divide the body into right and left parts
Transverse, horizontal or axial planes- divide the body into superior and inferior parts
Describe the terms used for location
Superior (cranial or cephalic) - toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
Inferior (caudal) - away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body
Anterior (ventral)- toward or at the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal) - toward the backside of the body
Medial - toward or at the midline of the body ; on the inner side of
Lateral- away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Intermediate- between a more medial or lateral structure
Proximal- close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal - farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial - toward the body surface
Deep- away from the body surface; more internal
Describe the terms of movement
Extension and flexion
Supination and pronation
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
Eversion and inversion
Abduction and adduction
Elevation and depression
Opposition and reposition
Retrusion and protrusion
Protraction and retraction
Name the terms of laterality
Bilateral - paired structures having right and left members (eg kidneys)
Unilateral- occurring on one side only (eg spleen)
Ipsilateral- occurring on the same side of the body ( eg right thumb and right great toe)
Contralateral- occurring on the opposite side of the body ( eg the right hand is counterlateral to the left hand)
Name the two body cavities
Dorsal - cranial and spinal
Ventral- the superior thoracic cavity, inferior a domino pelvic cavity
Name the two subgroups of the skeleton
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
What does the axial skeleton consist of
The bones of skull ( cranium)
Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of
Bones of the upper and lower limb
What does the skeletal system consist of
Cartilage
Bone
What is cartilage and what are its functions
Form of connective tissue consisting of extra cellular fibres embedded in a matrix
Functions:
Support soft tissues
Provide a smooth gliding surface for bone articulations and joints
Enable the development and growth of long bones
Name the three types of cartilage
Hyaline- matrix that contains a moderate amount of collagen fibres
Elastic - contains collagen fibres along with a large number of elastic fibres
Fibrocartilage- contains limited number of cells and ground substance and a substantial amount of collagen fibres
Cartilage is nourished by diffusion
What is bone
Calcified, living connective tissue that forms majority of the skeleton
What are the functions of bone
Support structures for the body
Protectors of vital organs
Reservoirs of calcium and phosphorus
Levers on which muscles act to produce movement
Containers for blood producing cells
Name the two types of bone and describe the bone shapes
Compact and spongy
Long bones are tubular (eg humerus in upper limb)
Short bones are cuboidal (eg bones of the wrist and ankle)
Flat bones consist of two compact bone plates separated by spongy bone (eg skull)
Irregular bones are bones with various shapes (eg bones of the face)
Sesamoid bones are round or oval bones that develop in tendons
What are all bones covered externally by
By a fibrous connective tissue membrane called the periosteum
Describe the process of bone development
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts, dividing cells in growing cartilage tissue, thereby forming a cartilagenous bone model
What are joints
The sites where two skeletal elements come together
Name the two joints
The skeletal elements are separated by a cavity (synovial joints)
There is no cavity and the components are held together by connective tissue ( eg solid joints)
What are the features of the synovial joints
Hyaline cartilage
Joint capsule consisting of inner synovial membrane and an outer fibrous membrane
Synovial membrane
Articular discs
Fat pads
Tendons
Name the specific types of synovial joints
Plane joints - allow sliding or gliding movements when one bone moves across the surface of another
Hinge joints- allow movement around one axis that passes transversely through the joint : permit flexion and extension
Pivot joints- allow movement around one axis that passes longitudinally along the shaft of the bone ; permit rotation
Bicondylar- allow movement mostly in one axis with limited rotation around second axis
Condylar- allow movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other permit flexion, extension abduction, adduction and circumduction
Saddle joints - allow movement around tow axes that are right angles of each other permit flexion, extension,abduction, adduction and circumduction
Ball and socket joints- allow movement around multiple axes permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation
Describe the different types solid joints
Fibrous joints
Sutures- only in the skull, where adjacent bones are linked together by a thin layer of connective tissue
Gomphoses- occur only between the teeth and adjacent bone
Syndesmoses- joints which two adjacent bones are linked by a ligament
Cartilaginous joints - include synchondorses and symphyses
What does the integumentary system consist of
Hair
Skin
Fingernails
What does the skeletal system consist of
Joints
Cartilages
bones
What does the muscular system consist of
Skeletal muscles
What does the nervous system consist of
Brain
Sensory receptor
Spinal cord
Nerves
What does the endocrine system consist of
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Testes
Ovary
What does the cardiovascular system consist of
Heart
Blood vessels
What does the lymphatic system consist of
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
What does the respiratory system consist of
Nasal cavity
Trachea
Lungs
Bronchi
What does the digestive system consist of
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small and large intestine
What does the urinary system consist of
Kidney
Ureter
Male and female reproductive system
Ovary
Testes
What are bone markings
Where tendons, ligaments, fascia are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to enter bones
What joints are uniaxial
Pivot
Hinge
Plane
What joints are biaxial
Condyloid
Saddle
What joints are multiaxial
Ball and socket
Functions of the skin
Protection- for the body from environmental effects such as abrasions and harmful substances
Heat regulation- through sweat glands, blood vessels and fat deposits
Sensation- by way of superficial nerves and their sensory endings
Synthesis and storage of vit D
Skin consists of
Dermis- basal (deep) regenerative and pigmented connective tissue layer
Epidermis - superficial cellular layer, which creates a tough protective outer surface
Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)
Located between the dermis and underlying deep fascia
Provides for most of the body’s fat storage
Composed of loose connective tissue and fat
