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Microbiology > Biochemicals > Flashcards

Biochemicals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the end products of carbohydrates?

A

acids

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2
Q

What make alkaline end products?

A

Peptones

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3
Q

What order will organism utilize carbohydrates and peptones?

A

They will use CHO first, peptones next

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4
Q

Principle: to determine the ability of an organism to produce large amounts of acid or neutral end products from glucose fermentation

A

Methyl Red Test

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5
Q

Two types of fermentation

A
    • Mixed Acid Fermentation

- Butylene Glycol fermentation

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6
Q

What is used in Methyl Red Test’s media?

A

Glucose

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7
Q

What is the reagent used in methyl red test?

A

Methyl Red Indicator (single drop at a time)

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8
Q

Methyl Red Test results

A

Red - positive

Yellow- negative

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9
Q

Methyl Red Test

  • Substrate(s)
  • Endproduct?
  • Reagent?
A

Substrate: glucose
End products: acid
Reagent: methyl red indicator

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10
Q

Principle: to detect presence of the neutral endproduct acetone (acetylmethycarbinol) resulting from the fermentation of glucose

A

Voges-Proskauer Test

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11
Q

VP Test results

A 
Pink - positive 
No change (straw colored) - negative
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12
Q

VP Test

  • Substrate(s)
  • Endproduct?
A

Substrate: glucose
Endproduct: acetoin (acetylmethylcarbinol)

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13
Q

VP Test

- Reagent

A

Reagent: Alpha napthol and KOH

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14
Q

Principle: To determine if an organism is capable of utilizing citrate as its sole source of carbon

A

Sodium Citrate (Citrate) Test

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15
Q

Citrate Test Results

A

On a slant!
Blue - positive
No change (green) - negative

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16
Q

Sodium Citrate (Citrate) Test

  • Substrate
  • Endproduct
A

Substrate: citrate
Endproduct: carbon?

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17
Q

Principle: to detect an organisms ability to oxidatively deaminate phenylalanine to phenylpyruvic acid.

A

Phenylalanine Deaminase

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18
Q

Another name for Phenylalanine Deaminase Test?

A

TDA test in some methods (API)

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19
Q

Phenylalanine Deaminase Test Results

A

Dark green slant - positive test (fades after several minutes)

No change (yellow from reagent) - negative test

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20
Q

Phenylalanine Deaminase

  • Substrate(s)
  • Endproduct
A

Substrate: deaminate phenylalanine
Endproduct: phenylpyruvic acid

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21
Q

Phenylalanine Deaminase

- Reagent

A

FeCl3 (Ferric Chloride)

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22
Q

Principle: to detect whether an organism can split indole from the amino acid tryptophane

A

Indole Test

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23
Q

Indole Test Results

A 
Red - positive (middle layer in Ehrlich's Test, top layer in Kovac's) 
No change (yellow) - negative
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24
Q

Indole Test

  • Substrates
  • Endproduct
A

Substrates: amino acid tryptophane
Endproduct: indole

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25
Q

Indole Test

  • Reagent (Ehrlich’s)
  • Reagent (Kovac’s)
A

SAME IN BOTH:

P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde-HCLin ethyl alcohol

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26
Q

Two procedures for Indole Test

A

Ehrlich’s Procedure

Kovac’s Procedure

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27
Q

Indole test media

A

Peptone or tryptone broth (Little or no glucose!)

28
Q

More sensitive test used for non fermenting GNR’s and anaerobes where indole is extracted with chloroform, ether, or xylene

A

Ehrlich’s Procedure (Indole Test)

29
Q

Procedure used for Enterobacteriaceae that is less sensitive

A

Kovac’s Procedure (Indole Test)

30
Q

Principle: To identify an organism’s ability to ferment lactose and / or glucose, with or without the production of gas.. The production of hydrogen sulfide is also determined

A

Kligler Iron Agar

31
Q

Kligler Iron Test Results

  1. K/A
  2. A/A
  3. K/K
  4. CO2 gas production
  5. H2S production
A
  1. glucose only (pink over yellow)
  2. glucose + lactose + (Yellow)
  3. no K/ no change (red)
  4. bubbles
  5. black ppt
32
Q

Kligler Iron

  • Substrate(s)
  • Endproduct
A

Substrates: lactose and or glucose and sodium thiosulfate

*Endproducts: glucose, galactose, and H2S

33
Q

Why should you not read Kligler Iron results in the middle of the night?

A

All of the tubes will turn yellow (using up carbohydrates first) over night then use up the peptones (producing pink alkaline)

34
Q

Principle: to determine if an organism is motile (flagellated) or non motile (non flagellated)

A

Motility

35
Q

Sometimes used in Motility testing, these are colorless and reduced to formazan (red) when incorporated into cells. However, they are not always used because are inhibitory to some organisms

A

Tetrazolium Salts

36
Q

Motility Test Results without tetrazolium salts

A

turbid- positive

stab mark obvious - negative

37
Q

Principle: determine an organisms ability to split urea by the enzyme urease

A

Urease Test

38
Q

Urease Test results

A

pH indicator turns Pink - positive

39
Q

Urease Test

  • Substrates
  • Endproduct
A

substance: urea
endproduct: ammonia

40
Q

Principle: to detect the presence of decarboxylase enzymes produced by organisms used in the breakdown of amino acids resulting in their corresponding amine + CO2

A

Decarboxylase Media

41
Q

Decarboxylase Media

  • substrates
  • endproducts
A

sub: amino acids
end: alkaline endproducts (cadaverine and putrescine)

42
Q

Decarboxylase Media reactions
Lysine———> ?
Ornithine———-> ?

A

cadaverine + CO2

putrecine + CO2

43
Q

Decarboxylase Media Test results

A

Glucose fermented first - acids turn yellow (neg)

Amino acids decarboxylated - alkaline pH ( changes back to original purple/brown color) - positive test

44
Q

Principle: to detect the presence of arginine dihydrolase enzymes used by some bacteria in the breakdown of the amino acid, argentine

A

Arginine Dihydrolase

45
Q

Arginine Dihydrolase

  • sub
  • end
A

sub: arginine
end: arginine dihydrolase

46
Q

Arginine Dihydrolase Test results

A

Same as decarboxylase tests:

Glucose fermented first - acids turn yellow (neg)

Amino acids decarboxylated - alkaline pH ( changes back to original purple/brown color) - positive test

47
Q

What test is more sensitive for H2S detection than KIA?

A

Lead Acetate Test

48
Q

Lead Acetate Test:

  • indicator
  • Endproducts
A

Indicator: lead acetate
End: H2S

49
Q

Lead Acetate Test

-Test results

A

-filter paper with lead acetate turns black

50
Q

Principle: to detect an organism’s ability to degrade specific carbohydrates with the production of acid, with or without visible gas

A

1% Carbohydrates

51
Q

1% Carbohydrates

- test results

A
  • When purple broth base
    yellow (acid) = positive
    purple = negative
52
Q

1% Carbs

  • sub
  • end?
A

???

53
Q

Principle: to determine an organism’s mechanism for utilization of glucose; fermentative, oxidative or neither

A

Oxidation/Fermentation (OF)

54
Q

Oxidation/Fermentation (OF)

- Media: Hough and Leifson’s two tube test

A
  • High concentration of carbohydrate

- Low concentration of peptone

55
Q

Oxidation/Fermentation (OF)

  • Sub
  • End
A
  • sub: glucose

- end: acid end products

56
Q

Oxidation/Fermentation (OF)

- Test results

A
  • acid (yellow) in oiled tube = fermenter
  • acid (yellow) in uncoiled tube only = oxidizer
  • acid (yellow) in neither tube (stays green) = asaccharolytic ( non-oxidizer)
57
Q

Principle: To determine the presence of oxidized cytochrome C (cytochrome oxidase enzyme)

A

Cytochrome Oxidase (Oxidase Test)

58
Q 
Cytochrome Oxidase (Oxidase Test) 
- reagents
A
  • 1% tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride

- Dimethyl-p-phenylendiamine + alpha napthol

59
Q 
Cytochrome Oxidase (Oxidase Test) 
- 3 testing methods
A
  • Filter paper
  • plate or Tube
  • impregnated packaged strips
60
Q 
Cytochrome Oxidase (Oxidase Test) 
- test results
A
  • Filter paper = blue mark

- Plate = kills organism

61
Q

Principle: To determine an organism’s ability to reduce nitrate to nitrite - or nitrate to nitrogen gas

A

Nitrate Test

62
Q

Nitrate Test

  • Sub:
  • End:
A
  • Sub: nitrate NO3

- End: nitrite or nitrogen gas

63
Q

Nitrate Test

- reagents

A
  • Alpha napththylamine or dimethyl-apha-napthylamine
  • Sufonilic aid
  • Zinc Dust (control)
64
Q

Nitrate Test Results

  • NO3 ——-> NO2
  • NO3 ——-> N2
  • NO3 ——-> not reduced
A
  • red after addition of two regents (pos test
  • clear after addition of tow reagents AND clear after add-on of zinc dust (pos test)
  • clear after addition of two reagents AND red after addition of Zinc dust (neg test)
65
Q

Testing organism for production of Beta- glucuronidase

A

MUG Test

66
Q

MUG Test

- test results

A
  • fluorescence with UV light

- helpful screening for E. coli

Microbiology (13 decks)

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