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HUNT241 > BIOC Lecture 4: Fat > Flashcards

BIOC Lecture 4: Fat Flashcards

1
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

specialized cells primarily found in adipose tissue, commonly known as fat cells

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2
Q

Can fats cross cell membranes?

A

TAG cannot but fatty acids can

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3
Q

How do TAG’s move from one cell to another?

A

TAG’s need to be broken down into free fatty acids where the backbone is disconnected

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4
Q

What breaks down TAG?

A

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

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5
Q

What are free fatty acids transported in circulation in?

A

Bound to serum albumin

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6
Q

What is TAG breakdown modulated by?

A

Hormones (hormone sensitive LPL)

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7
Q

What will inhibit the conversion of TAG’s into fatty acids?

A

Insulin

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8
Q

What encourages the conversion of TAG’s into fatty acids?

A

Glucagon

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9
Q

How many carbons are typical fatty acids?

A

Long chain molecules - typically 14-maybe 20 carbons

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10
Q

We can’t make glucose from fatty acids, but we can make what?

A

Glycerol, which can be used to make glucose

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11
Q

How is TAG broken down?

A

Lipolysis - Sequential removal of fatty acids by related lipases

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12
Q

What is TAG breakdown catalyzed by?

A

Enzymes called lipases

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13
Q

After how long fasting are ketone bodies produced?

A

> 1-2 days

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14
Q

What are the two major forms of ketone bodies?

A

Acetoacetate and hydroxybutyrate

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15
Q

What gives rise to the characteristic odour of breath from ketosis?

A

Acetone produced from acetoacetate

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16
Q

How can almost all fuels be converted to AcCoA and to fatty acids?

A
  • Glucose through glycolysis
  • AA’s to oxo acids and AcCoA
  • Fats are already fats
17
Q

Where are the enzymes involved in synthesising fat located?

A

In the cytosol

18
Q

Where are the enzymes involved in breaking down fat located?

A

Inside the mitochondria

19
Q

Where is AcCoA produced?

A

In mitochondria

20
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis occur?

A

In cytosol

21
Q

How are fatty acids synthesised?

A
  • Citrate shuttle moves AcCoA into cytosol
  • Oxaloacetate shuttles back
  • Net transfer of two C from within mitochondria
22
Q

Is fatty acid synthesis a cyclic process?

A

Yes

23
Q

What reducing equivalent does fatty acid synthesis involve?

A

NADPH

24
Q

What number chain length are almost always produced by animals?

A

Even-numbered

25
Q

What does fatty acid synthesis start with?

A

Acetyl-CoA molecule

26
Q

What happens during one cycle of fatty acid synthesis?

A

Join AcCoA to a malonyl-CoA and lose a CO2 - this means we go from 2C to 4C - then we go around again and again

27
Q

What primarily happens to surplus fatty acids?

A

Involved in TAG synthesis

28
Q

Other than TAG synthesis, what are surplus fatty acids used for?

A
  • Other fatty Acyl-CoA
  • Phospholipids
  • Specialised lipids
  • Modifications to proteins
29
Q

What does short term fasting (8-12) hours result in?

A

Mostly just CHO differences

30
Q

What does long term fasting (several days) result in?

A
  • No liver glycogen stores
  • Body breaks down proteins to make glucose
  • Ketone bodies are synthesised for the brain
  • Fatty acid usage increased
31
Q

What effect does insulin have in the muscle?

A

Increases glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis

32
Q

What effect does insulin have in adipose tissue?

A

Increases glucose uptake and lipogenesis, decreases lipolysis

33
Q

What effect does insulin have on the liver?

A

Increases glycogen synthesis and lipogenesis, decreases gluconeogenesis

34
Q

What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue?

A

increased lipolysis

35
Q

What effect does glucagon have on the liver?

A

decreased glycogen synthesis, increased glycogenolysis

36
Q

What effect does epinephrine have on muscle?

A

increased glycogenolysis

37
Q

What effect does epinephrine have on adipose tissue?

A

increased lipolysis

38
Q

What effect does epinephrine have on the liver?

A

Decrease glycogen synthesis. increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

39
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen is broken down

HUNT241 (22 decks)

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