BIOC Lecture 1: Introduction

Question 1

What does glycolysis convert 6C glucose to?

Answer 1

Two 3C pyruvate

Question 2

Is ATP used or generated in Glycolysis?

Answer 2

ATP is used in early stages, produced in later stages

Question 3

What else is produced in glycolysis?

Answer 3

NADH

Question 4

What is done with pyruvate during aerobic glycolysis?

Answer 4

Conversion to AcCoA - oxidation or storage as fat

Question 5

What is done with pyruvate during anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 5

Regeneration of NAD from NADH - different products

Question 6

What does beta oxidation convert fatty acyl CoA into?

Answer 6

AcCoA

Question 6

What energy molecules are produced by beta oxidation?

Answer 6

NADH and FADH2

Question 7

What is Beta Oxidation?

Answer 7

Key pathway of fat utilisation

Question 7

Where does beta oxidation occur?

Answer 7

Mitochondria

Question 7

What molecule goes into beta oxidation?

Answer 7

Fatty acyl CoA

Question 8

Is beta oxidation a cyclic reaction?

Answer 8

Semi-cyclic reaction - we end the process with a shorter number of carbons

Question 9

What happens to the fatty acid chain after every cycle of beta oxidation?

Answer 9

It becomes 2 carbons shorter

Question 10

What two processes have strong similarities?

Answer 10

Beta oxidation and CAC

Question 11

Is the CAC cyclic?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

Is oxygen required for the CAC?

Answer 12

No

Question 13

What does it mean that intermediates persist in the CAC?

Answer 13

Intermediates involved in the cycle are regenerated and continue to circulate within the cycle as long as there are substrates and enzymes available

Question 14

What happens during the cyclic pathway of CAC?

Answer 14

Carbon shuffling

Question 15

What is carbon shuffling?

Answer 15

The rearrangement of C atoms within the cycles intermediates as the cycle progresses

Question 16

What does the rearrangement of C atoms involve?

Answer 16

The movement of carbon atoms from one compound to another

Question 17

What does the CAC generate?

Answer 17

Reducing equivalents, NADH, FADH2 and ATP (or GTP)

Question 18

What are reducing equivalents?

Answer 18

The molecules that are involved in carrying electrons during the oxidation-reduction reactions (e.g. NADH and FADH2)

Question 19

Where does the CAC occur?

Answer 19

In the inner mitochondrial membrane of the mitochondria

Question 20

Does the ETC require oxygen?

Answer 20

Yes

Question 21

What happens during the ETC?

Answer 21

Reducing equivalents from CAC are reoxidised

Question 22

How does the ETC work?

Answer 22

Electrons flow ‘along’ components and a charge gradient is created (PMF). ATP synthase uses PMF to make ATP from ADP

Question 23

What is PMF?

Answer 23

Proton motive force - the electrochemical gradient generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane during the ETC

Question 24

What is anaerobic fermentation?

Answer 24

microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeasts, convert organic compounds (typically sugars) into simpler substances in the absence of oxygen.

Question 25

What does anaerobic fermentation produce?

Answer 25

Alcohol and CO2 (yeast and goldfish)
Lactate (yogurt and muscles)