Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio I - 1 > Bio I - 8 > Flashcards

Bio I - 8 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where does the cell extract energy from?

A

Sugars and other fuels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do cells use energy for?

A

To perform work
Some organisms even convert energy to light, as in bioluminescence. 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the totality of an organisms chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

A metabolic pathway begins with the specific molecule and ends with a product. Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do catabolic pathways release energy?

A

By breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an example of a pathway of catabolism?

A

Cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an anabolic pathway?

A

Anabolic pathways consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones. 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an example of amabolism?

A

The synthesis of proteins from amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is bio energetics?

A

It is the study of how energy flows through living organisms. 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is energy?

A

Energy is the capacity to cause change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

It is energy associated with motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is heat/thermal energy?

A

It is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is potential energy?

A

It is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

It is potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction. 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True or false: energy can be converted from one form to another

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A

Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or false: In an open system such as that approximated by liquid in a thermos, is unable to exchange energy or matter with it surroundings 

A

False
(An isolated system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens in an open system? What is an example of an open system?

A

Energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. 
Organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

The energy of the universe is constant. Energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed. 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics also called?

A

The principle of conservation of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy/disorder of the universe. 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

True or false: living cells unavoidably convert organized forms of energy to heat

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is spontaneous processes?

A

Spontaneous processes occur without energy input they can happen quickly or slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens when a process occurs without energy input?

A

It must increase the entropy of the universe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do organisms replace ordered forms of matter and energy with?

A

Less ordered forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do cells create ordered structures from?

A

Less ordered materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does energy flow into an ecosystem and how does it flow out?

A

Energy flows into an ecosystem in the form of light and exits in the form of heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

True or false: the evolution of more complex organisms does violate the second law of thermodynamics

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is free energy?

A

A living systems free energy is energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Review pic in photos

A

Did it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What processes are spontaneous?

A

Only processes with a negative free energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What can spontaneous processes be harnessed to do?

A

Perform work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is free energy a measure of?

A

A systems instability, its tendency to change to a more stable state. 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What happens during a spontaneous change?

A

Free energy decreases and the stability of a system increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When can a process be spontaneous and perform work?

A

Only when it is moving toward equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

An exergonic reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is an enderGonic reaction?

A

It absorbs free energy from it surroundings and is non spontaneous 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What happens when reactions in a close system reach equilibrium?

A

They do no work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is a defining feature of life about metabolism?

A

Metabolism is never at equilibrium

40
Q

Why are cells not in equilibrium?

A

They are open system experiencing a constant flow of materials

41
Q

What does a catabolic pathway in a cell release?

A

Free energy in a series of reactions

42
Q

What are the three main kinds of work that a cell does?

A

Chemical
Transport
Mechanical

43
Q

What is energy coupling?

A

To do work cells manage energy resources by energy coupling, the use of an exergonic process to drive an enderGonic one

44
Q

What is most energy coupling in cells mediated by?

A

ATP

45
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate it is a cells energy shuttle

46
Q

What is ATP composed of?

A

Ribose/a sugar
Adenine/ a nitrogenous base
3 phosphate groups 

47
Q

How can the bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP’s tale be broken?

A

By hydrolysis

48
Q

When is energy released from ATP?

A

When the terminal phosphate bond is broken

49
Q

What are the three types of cellular work of a cell powered by?

A

The hydrolysis of ATP

50
Q

What can the energy from the exer Gonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis be used for?

A

To drive an enderGonic reaction 

51
Q

Overall the coupled reactions are ________ 

A

Exergonic

52
Q

How does ATP drive enderGonic reactions?

A

By phosphorylation, transferring a phosphate group to some other molecules such as a reactant. The recipient molecule is now called a
Phosphorylated intermediate.

53
Q

What is also powered by ATP hydrolysis?

A

Transport and mechanical work in the cell

54
Q

What does ATP hydrolysis lead to?

A

A change in proteins shape and binding ability

55
Q

How is ATP a renewable resource?

A

 It is generated by addition of a phosphate group to an adenosine diphosphate 

56
Q

Where does the energy come from to phosphorylate ADP?

A

Catabolic reactions in the cell

57
Q

How was the ATP cycle a revolving door?

A

Energy passes during its transfer from catabolic to anabolic pathways

58
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A catalyst is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

59
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

An enzyme is a catalytic protein

60
Q

What is an example of an enzyme catalyzed reaction?

A

Hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase

61
Q

What does every chemical reaction between molecules involve?

A

Bond breaking and Bond forming

62
Q

What is the activation energy? (Or free energy of activation)

A

The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction

63
Q

What is activation energy often supplied in the form of?

A

Thermal energy that the reactant molecules absorb from their surroundings

64
Q

How do enzymes catalyze reactions?

A

By lowering the activation energy barrier

65
Q

Do enzymes affect the change in free energy?

A

No instead they hasten reactions that would occur eventually

66
Q

What is the reactant that an enzyme acts on called?

A

The enzymes substrate

67
Q

What happens when an enzyme binds to its substrate?

A

It forms an enzyme substrate complex

68
Q

True or false: the reaction catalyzed by each enzyme is very specific

A

True

69
Q

What is the active site?

A

It is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

70
Q

What does the induced fit of a substrate bring?

A

Chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze a reaction

71
Q

How can the active site lower an Activation energy barrier?

A

Orienting substrates correctly
Straining substrate bonds
Providing a favorable microenvironment
Covalently bonding to the substrate

72
Q

How can an enzymes activity be affected?

A

By the general environmental factor such as temperature and pH
And chemicals that specifically Influence the enzyme. 

73
Q

Each enzyme has an optimal ______ and_______ in which it can function. 

A

Temperature and pH.
Optimal conditions favor the most active shape for the enzyme molecule

74
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Cofactors are non-protein enzyme helpers

75
Q

Are cofactors inorganic or organic?

A

They can be both

76
Q

What is an organic cofactor called?

A

Coenzyme

77
Q

What do coenzymes include?

A

Vitamins

78
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor?

A

They bind to the active site of an enzyme competing with the substrate

79
Q

What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?

A

They bind to another part of an enzyme causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective

80
Q

What are examples of inhibitors?

A

Toxins poisons pesticides and antibiotics

81
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins encoded by genes

82
Q

What does changes in genes lead to?

A

Changes in amino acid composition of an enzyme

83
Q

What does altered amino acids in enzymes result in?

A

Novel enzyme activity or altered substrate specificity 

84
Q

What is an example of under new environmental conditions a novel form of an enzyme might be favored?

A

Six amino acid changes improve substrate binding and break down and E. coli

85
Q

How does a cell tightly regulate its metabolic pathways?

A

By switching on or off the genes that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of the enzymes

86
Q

What does allosteric regulation?

A

May either inhibit or stimulate an enzymes activity. It occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to protein at one site and affects the proteins function at another site. 

87
Q

What are most allosterically regulated enzymes made from?

A

Polypeptide subunits

88
Q

What does the binding of an activator stabilize?

A

The active form of the enzyme

89
Q

What does the binding of an inhibitor stabilize?

A

The inactive form of the enzyme

90
Q

What is cooperativity?

A

Is a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity

91
Q

What does one substrate molecule prime an enzyme to do?

A

To act on additional substrate molecules more readily

92
Q

Why is cooperativity allosteric?

A

Because binding by a substrate to one active site affects catalysis in a different active site

93
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

94
Q

What does feedback inhibition prevent?

A

A cell from wasting m chemical resources by synthesizing more product than it is needed

95
Q

What helps bring order to metabolic pathways?

A

Structures within the cell

96
Q

What do some enzymes act as?

A

Structural components of membranes

97
Q

What is an example of an enzyme residing in specific organelles in eukaryotic cells?

A

Enzymes for cellular respiration are located in mitochondria

Bio I - 1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions