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Bio I - 1 > Bio I - 5 > Flashcards

Bio I - 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cell biology?

A

The study of cells and their structure, function, and behavior. This is also called cytology. 

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2
Q

True or false: all living organisms are made of cells

A

True

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3
Q

What is a cell?

A

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms

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4
Q

True or false: cells do not vary in size and proportion.

A

False

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5
Q

How big is a bacterial cell?

A

A few micrometers in length.

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6
Q

How big is a frog egg?

A

1 mm diameter

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7
Q

True or false: not all cells are equal in their requirements.

A

True

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8
Q

Some cells are specialized for producing certain substances such as:

A

Hormones
Starch
Fat
Certain pigments

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9
Q

When was the microscope invented and who invented it?

A

17th century.
Some say it was Hans Lippershay (also invented the telescope)
Others say it was Hans and Zacharias Janssen

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10
Q

What is a Light Microscope?

A

Visible light passes through a specimen and then through glass lenses, which magnify the image.

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11
Q

What does the quality of an image depend on?

A

Magnification - the ratio of an objects size to its real size.
Resolution - the measure of the clarity of the image, or the minimum distance if two distinguishable points.
Contrast - visible differences in parts of the sample.

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12
Q

Who discovered the cell?

A

Robert Hooke

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13
Q

Who discovered LIVING cells?

A

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek (discovered Protozoa) later saw bacteria for the first time.

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14
Q

Who discovered the cell nucleus?

A

Robert Brown.

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15
Q

Who proposed the cell theory?

A

Schleiden and Schwann

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16
Q

Who discovered the mitochondria?

A

Rudolf Albert von Kolliker

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17
Q

Who discovered the Golgi apparatus?

A

Camillo Golgi

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18
Q

Who discovered the electron microscope and when?

A

Palade, Porter, and Sjostrand.
1952

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19
Q

What is a fluorescence microscope?

A

Detects fluorescent dyes used for staining cells. Dyed objects show up in color on a dark background.

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20
Q

What is a scanning electron microscope?

A

Specimen coated with thin layer of metal. Scanned by beam of electrons. Magnetic coils act as lenses. Creating 3D images.

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21
Q

What is transmission electron microscope?

A

Uses beam of electrons with a short wavelength. Used to visualize inside of cell such as organelles.

22
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

It’s a process that takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another.

23
Q

What is ultracentrifuges?

A

They fractionate cells into their component parts.

24
Q

What do prokaryotic cells consist of?

A

Bacteria and archaea.

25
Q

What are different types of eukaryotic cells?

A

Protists, fungi, animals, and plants.

26
Q

What are the two domains of prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and archaea

27
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Binary fission

28
Q

How much time at least does a prokaryotic cell divide in?

A

20 minutes

29
Q

What do prokaryotes have that help them adapt to their environment?

A

They have flagella which help them move and they have a capsule to help them adhere.

30
Q

What types of bacteria are there?

A

Cocci - spherical
Bacilli - rods
Spirilla - spirals

31
Q

Do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

No
They have a nucleoid which contains circular chromosome

32
Q

True or false: Prokaryotes have membrane enclosed organelles.

A

False
They do not

33
Q

How are prokaryotic cells classified?

A
  • no nucleus
  • no membrane enclosed organelles
  • DNA is in an inbound region called the nucleoid
  • cytoplasm is bound by the plasma membrane
34
Q

What are eukaryotic cells characterized as?

A
  • DNA is in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
  • membrane-bound organelles
  • cytoplasm is the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus
35
Q

True or false: eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells.

A

True

36
Q

How to eukaryotic cells reproduce?

A

Through mitosis and can involve meiosis

37
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the eukaryotic cell?

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

38
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

Separating the cells internal environment from the cells external environment. It is a semipermeable membrane.

39
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Cyt = cell
Plasm = molded
All of the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. There are two compartments- cytosol and organelles

40
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

It is the organelle which houses most of the cells DNA

41
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

It is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell.

42
Q

What is the general form of a plasma membrane?

A

A double layer of phospholipids

43
Q

What happens when the surface area of a cell increases by a factor of n^2?

A

The volume increases by a volume of n^3

44
Q

True or false: small cells have a greater surface area relative to volume

A

True

45
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm

46
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

It organizes the cells structures and activities, anchoring many organelles.

47
Q

What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

48
Q

List the 3 diff types of cytoskeleton in order from thickest to thinnest.

A

Microtubules - thickest
Intermediate filaments - middle
Microfilaments - thinnest

49
Q

What are the diff types of intercellular junctions?

A

Plasmodesmata (plant)
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

50
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extra cellular fluid

51
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

They fasten cells together into strong sheets

52
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

They provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

Bio I - 1 (10 decks)

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