Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO CHEM > BIO CHEM I > Flashcards

BIO CHEM I Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

A reaction with a delta G of zero:

Requires energy
Is at equilibrium
Is spontaneous
None of the above

A

Is at equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A solution with a pH of 5 is:

Acidic
Basic
Neutral
None of the above

A

Acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Alcohols contain a _________ group.

Hydroxyl
Sulfur
Phenol
None of the above

A

Hydroxyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Biologically important noncovalent bonds include:

Van der Waals interactions
Hydrogen bonds
Electrostatic interactions
All of the above

A

All of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Entropy is ______________.

The degree of disorder of a system
The degree of energy of a system
A type of noncovalent bond
A type of covalent bond

A

The degree of disorder of a system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is stored within the _____________.

Lysosome
Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The term “kinetics” refers to:

The energy required for a reaction
The disorder of a system
The speed at which a reaction will occur
The pH of a solution

A

The speed at which a reaction will occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

______ is the process by which the information in DNA is transferred to RNA.

Translation
Replication
Transcription
Ubiquitination

A

Transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The strongest bonds that are present in biochemical compounds are ______________.

Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Van der Waals interactions

A

Covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A chiral compound _________________.

Is non-superimposable on its mirror image
Is the same as its mirror image
Is inorganic
Contains a sulfur atom

A

Is non-superimposable on its mirror image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A zwitterion ________________.

Has a positive charge
Has a negative charge
Overall, has no charge
All of the above

A

All of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

All amino acids contain both a(n) ______ and a(n) ________ group.

Hydrogen, carbohydrate
Amine, carboxylic acid
Sulfur, amine
None of the above

A

Amine, carboxylic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Essential amino acids:

Are made by organisms
Must be obtained from dietary sources
Are made from DNA
Include proline

A

Must be obtained from dietary sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The first reaction of amino acid degradation is?

Deamination
Decarboxylation
Cyclization
None of the above

A

Deamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The only amino acid without a chiral center is _____________.

Proline
Methionine
Alanine
Glycine

A

Glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

There are ______ common amino acids.

15
25
20
10

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

______ is the initiating amino acid of most newly synthesized proteins.

Proline
Alanine
Glycine
Methionine

A

Methionine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_____________ is an example of a hydrophilic amino acid.

Lysine
Leucine
Methionine
Tryptophan

A

Lysine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_____________ is an example of a hydrophobic amino acid.

Glutamic acid
Lysine
Arginine
Leucine

A

Leucine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nonessential amino acids are:

Provided in the diet
Synthesized by mammals
Both A and B
None of the above

A

Both A and B

Provided in the diet
Synthesized by mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A(n) _________ is a short protein tag that attaches to and targets proteins for degradation.

Peptide
Ubiquitin
Alanine
Urea

A

Ubiquitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Protein secondary structures include:

Loops
alpha helices
beta sheets
All of the above

A

All of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Protein synthesis is carried out by __________.

Mitochondria
Chromosomes
Ribosomes
Lysosomes

A

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The amino acid _______ places certain constraints on the protein backbone.

Leucine
Alanine
Proline
Glycine

A

Proline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The difference between a peptide and a protein is ____________.

Length
Bond formation
Subunits
All of the above

A

Length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The formation of a dimer refers to a protein’s ___________.

Primary structure
Tertiary structure
Secondary structure
None of the above

A

None of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The tertiary structure of a protein refers to its __________.

Overall 3D shape
Multisubunit composition
Amino acid sequence
None of the above

A

Overall 3D shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The ______ carries out protein degradation.

Proteosome
Lysosome
Ribosome
Chromosome

A

Proteosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

________ aid in protein folding.

Chromosomes
Chaperones
Proteosome
None of the above

A

Chaperones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Amino acids are linked by a(n) _______ bond to form a protein.

Hydrophobic
Peptide
Ionic
All of the above

A

Peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Each of the following is one of the six classes of enzyme catalysts, except:

Ligases
Kinases
Transferases
Isomerases

A

Kinases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Enzymes within metabolic pathways can be regulated by ____________.

Allosteric enzymes
Post translational modifications
Localization
All of the above

A

All of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

n competitive inhibition, the competitor binds to ________________.

The substrate
The substrate binding site
Distant to the substrate binding site
None of the above

A

The substrate binding site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The maximum rate at which an enzyme can convert substrate to product

The maximum amount of product produced in a reaction

The free energy of a reaction

None of the above

A

The maximum rate at which an enzyme can convert substrate to product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Kinases are enzymes that add a(n) _____ group to proteins.

Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphoryl
Alcohol

A

Phosphoryl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The rate of an enzymatic reaction can be regulated by __________.

pH
Temperature
Concentration
All of the above

A

All of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

_______ are derived from vitamins and are necessary for the function of some enzymes.

Helicases
Cofactors
Carbohydrates
None of the above

A

None of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

________ is an example of a post translational modification of a protein.

Acetylation
Phosphorylation
Ubiquitination
All of the above

A

All of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Enzymes act as catalysts to ___________________.

Decrease the activation energy of a reaction
Increase the rate of a reaction
Mediate the conversion of substrate to product
All of the above

A

All of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

An important product of glycolysis is ____________.

Glucose
ATP
Lectins
Both A and B

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Carbohydrates are also known as ____________.

Sugars
Starches
Fats
A and B

A

A and B

Sugars
Starches

42
Q

Carbohydrates are commonly used as ___________.

A source of energy
An amino acid source
A source of nitrogen
None of the above

A

A source of energy

43
Q

Disaccharides are formed by ______________.

The condensation of two monosaccharides
Hydrolysis of a polysaccharide
Both A and B
Neither A or B

A

Both A and B

The condensation of two monosaccharides
Hydrolysis of a polysaccharide

44
Q

animals, the process of gluconeogenesis occurs in the __________.

Fat
Liver
Spleen
Gall bladder

A

Liver

45
Q

Lectins are ____________.

DNA binding proteins
Lipid binding proteins
Carbohydrate binding proteins
None of the above

A

Carbohydrate binding proteins

46
Q

Protein glycosylation takes place in the ____________.

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome

A

Golgi apparatus

47
Q

Starch is an example of a ___________.

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Trisaccharide

A

Polysaccharide

48
Q

Sucrose, aka table sugar, is composed of ____________.

Glucose
Fructose
Both A and B
Neither A or B

A

Both A and B

Glucose
Fructose

49
Q

Fischer projections convey useful information about _____________.

Electron positions
3D structural positioning
Resonance
Bond lengths

A

3D structural positioning

50
Q

ATP facilitates the occurrence of energetically unfavorable reactions via ___________.

Phosphoryl transfer
Energy coupling
ATP to ADP conversion
All of the above

A

All of the above

51
Q

Both DNA and RNA are composed of three important parts, which are:

Glucose, side chains, phosphate group
Nitrogenouse base, phosphate group, sugar
Nitrogenous base, peptide bond, lipid
Phosphate group, sugar, side chain

A

Nitrogenouse base, phosphate group, sugar

52
Q

Cytosine makes _______ with guanine when base paired in DNA.

Three hydrogen bonds
Two hydrogen bonds
Three peptide bonds
Three covalent bonds

A

Three hydrogen bonds

53
Q

DNA is synthesized in a _____ direction.

3’ to 5’
5’ to 3’
Top to bottom
Left to right

A

5’ to 3’

54
Q

Double stranded DNA takes on a __________ structure.

Beta sheet
Looped
Double helix
A-form helix

A

Double helix

55
Q

In the cell, _____ is used as energy currency.

UTP
Fat
ATP
AMP

A

ATP

56
Q

The correct pairing of bases in DNA is __________.

A-G; C-T
A-C; G-T
A-T; C-G
A-U; C-G

A

A-T; C-G

57
Q

The DNA chromosome of bacteria consists of ___________.

A circular double stranded DNA
A circular single stranded DNA
A linear double stranded DNA
A linear single stranded DNA

A

A circular double stranded DNA

58
Q

What is the base that is used by RNA but not DNA?

Guanine
Uracil
Thymine
Cytosine

A

Uracil

59
Q

What type of base is adenine?

a. Purine
b. Pyrimidine
c. Both A and B
d. Neither A and B

A

Purine

60
Q

The sugar used in RNA is ____________.

Deoxyribose
Dideoxyribose
Ribose
Glucose

A

Ribose

61
Q

Fatty acids contain ________________.

A carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain
A phosphate group and hydrocarbon chain
A sugar group and hydrocarbon chain
Only a hydrocarbon chain

A

A carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain

62
Q

Glycerolphospholipids create a double layer lipid membrane, such as the cell membrane, because of _____________.

Their high energy phospho group
Their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
Their unsaturated tails
Their ability to covalently bond to each other

A

Their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

63
Q

Lipids are the starting material of important biological molecules, including ___________.

Steroids
DNA
Carbohydrates
All of the above

A

Steroids

64
Q

Lipids play a role in which of the following?

Energy storage
Membrane structure
Cell signaling
All of the above

A

All of the above

65
Q

Phospholipids can be composed of _______________.

Fatty acids
Glycerol
Sphingomyelin
All of the above

A

All of the above

66
Q

The difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is ______________.

The number of hydrocarbon chains

The length of the hydrocarbon chain

The presence of single or double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

All of the above

A

The presence of single or double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

67
Q

The fluidity of the cell membrane is determined by ___________.

The lipid content
The amount of cholesterol present
The number of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids present
All of the above

A

All of the above

68
Q

Triacylglycerol is composed of ___________.

Glycerol and fatty acids
Glycerol and long chain alcohols
Glycerol and cholesterol
None of the above

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

69
Q

Which of the following are composed of lipids?

Waxes
Cholesterol
Triacylglecerols
All of the above

A

All of the above

70
Q

Glycolysis gives a net yield of __________.

8 moles ATP per glucose
1 mole ATP per glucose
2 moles ATP per glucose
3 moles ATP per glucose

A

2 moles ATP per glucose

71
Q

Glycolysis takes place in the _________.

Cytosol
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi

A

Cytosol

72
Q

In the citrate cycle, energy from the oxidation of acetyl-CoA is converted to _____________.

4 moles ATP, 6 moles FADH2
3 moles, NADH, 1 mole FADH2, 1 mole GTP, 2 CO2
2 moles NADH, 2 moles FADH2, 2 ATP
1 mole NADH, 1 mole GTP, 4 CO2

A

3 moles, NADH, 1 mole FADH2, 1 mole GTP, 2 CO2

73
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the _______.

Nucleus
Cytosol
Mitochondria
Cell membrane

A

Mitochondria

74
Q

The complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O results in a yield of __________.

38 ATP/glucose
42 ATP/glucose
60 ATP/glucose
32 ATP/glucose

A

32 ATP/glucose

75
Q

The electron transport system links oxidation of NADH and FADH2 to _____________.

Glucose synthesis
Ethanol fermentation
ATP synthesis
GTP synthesis

A

ATP synthesis

76
Q

The input and output of glycolysis is ____________.

Two molecules glucose, 6 molecules CO2
One molecule glucose, 2 molecules pyruvate
One molecule glucose, 4 molecules pyruvate
One molecule glycogen, 2 molecules pyruvate

A

One molecule glucose, 2 molecules pyruvate

77
Q

The sugar on ATP is _______________.

Deoxyribose
Glucose
Cholesterol
Ribose

A

Ribose

78
Q

The __________ is a hub of cellular metabolism because it links the oxidation of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and proteins to ATP synthesis.

TCA/citrate cycle
Urea cycle
Glycolysis cycle
Pentose pathway

A

TCA/citrate cycle

79
Q

True or False: Glycolysis requires oxygen.

True
False

A

True

80
Q

Under aerobic conditions, the pyruvate produced during glycolysis can go on to ________.

The pentose pathway
Oxidative phosphorylation
The urea cycle
All of the above

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

81
Q

Rank the following, from highest to lowest, in terms of energy: AMP, ATP, ADP?

ATP, ADP, AMP
AMP, ADP, ATP
ADP, ATP, AMP
ATP, AMP, ADP

A

ATP, ADP, AMP

82
Q

A Holliday Junction structure occurs during which process?

Recombination
Replication
Transcription
Translation

A

Recombination

83
Q

DNA is synthesized in a _______ direction.

Left to right
Top to bottom
5’ to 3’
3’ to 5’

A

5’ to 3’

84
Q

DNA replication is carried out by a ________ enzyme.

Helicase
Polymerase
Kinase
Topoisomerase

A

Polymerase

85
Q

DNA replication is semi-conservative. What does this mean?

Half the total DNA is copied

Each DNA strand serves as a template during replication

Only some base pairs are altered during replication

None of the above

A

Each DNA strand serves as a template during replication

86
Q

DNA serves as a template for which type of RNA?

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
All of the above

A

All of the above

87
Q

There are three types of RNA polymerases in eukaryotic cells. RNA polymerase I transcribes ______, RNA polymerase II transcribes _______, and RNA polymerase III mainly transcribes _________.

Introns, mRNA, rRNA
rRNA, mRNA, tRNA
tRNA, introns, rRNA
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

A

rRNA, mRNA, tRNA

88
Q

Which of the following are post-transcriptional modifications of RNA?

Cap addition
Poly A tail addition
Intron removal
All of the above

A

All of the above

89
Q

_________ enzymes maintain the torsional stress of DNA.

Helicase
Topoisomerase
Kinase
Restriction

A

Topoisomerase

90
Q

Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases results in ____________.

The opening of ion channels
The phosphorylation of the receptor
Membrane potential alterations
The exchange of GTP for GDP

A

The phosphorylation of the receptor

91
Q

Intracellular pathways are altered through extracellular molecules binding to __________.

Polymerases
Ligases
Receptors
All of the above

A

Receptors

92
Q

Molecules that play an important role in cell adhesion and structure include _________.

Integrins
Cadherins
Selectins
All of the above

A

All of the above

93
Q

Steroids act as signaling molecules by __________________.

Binding to extracellular domains of receptor molecules
Binding to the plasma membrane
Binding to receptors internal to the cell
None of the above

A

Binding to receptors internal to the cell

94
Q

True or false: Ligand binding to receptors can result in wide-spread gene expression changes via signal amplification.

True
False

A

True

95
Q

Stimulation of a G protein coupled receptor results in __________.

The flow of ions through the receptor
Phosphorylation of the receptor
The exchange of GDP for GTP
None of the above

A

The exchange of GDP for GTP

96
Q

ELISAs use __________, enabling the measurement of specific proteins in a solution.

PCR
Purification
Antibodies
None of the above

A

Antibodies

97
Q

In a Southern blot, probes are used to _________________.

Hybridize to a specific sequence of DNA
Hybridize to a specific sequence of RNA
Amplify a specific piece of DNA
Degrade a specific piece of RNA

A

Hybridize to a specific sequence of DNA

98
Q

PCR is a valuable tool for analyzing DNA because ___________________.

It allows for the exponential amplification of a small amount of starting material

It takes a short amount of time

The DNA sequence amplified need not be known

All of the above

A

All of the above

99
Q

During SDS-PAGE, proteins are primarily separated according to their _______________.

Mass
Shape
Charge
All of the above

A

Mass

100
Q

END

A

END

BIO CHEM (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions