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BIO CHEM 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which out of the following statements is true about regulation of metabolic pathway?

Most of the metabolic pathways are regulated

Most of the metabolic pathways are not regulated

Regulation of metabolic pathways always involves changing the amount of enzymes

Metabolic regulation always depends on control by hormones

A

Most of the metabolic pathways are regulated

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2
Q

The rate of breakdown of metabolites is termed as

Metabolic state
Metabolism
Steady state
Homeostasis

A

Steady state

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3
Q

Diminished delivery of oxygen to tissues is termed as

Hypoxia
Ischemia
Homeostasis
Metabolism

A

Hypoxia

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4
Q

Diminished flow of blood to tissues is termed as

Hypoxia
Ischemia
Homeostasis
Metabolism

A

Ischemia

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5
Q

Which of the following statements is true about the control of muscle glycogen phosphorylase?

It is activated by phosphorylation by an active phosphorylase kinase

It is allosterically activated by ATP

It is allosterically activated by cAMP

Normally it exists in active form

A

It is activated by phosphorylation by an active phosphorylase kinase

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6
Q

Which of the following is not a factor determining the activity of an enzyme?

Association with regulatory protein
Sequestration
Allosteric regulation
Nucleotides

A

Nucleotides

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7
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

High insulin/glucagon ratio activates lipolysis in muscle

High insulin/glucagon ratio inhibits lipolysis in liver

High insulin/glucagon ratio activates lipolysis in adipocytes

Low insulin/glucagon ratio activates lipolysis in adipocytes

A

Low insulin/glucagon ratio activates lipolysis in adipocytes

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8
Q

Which of the following type of metabolite is used for generating glucose under severe starvation conditions?

Amino acids
Fats
Glycogen
Starch

A

Amino acids

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9
Q

Which of the following statements is true about brain metabolism in starvation?

The brain can use glucogenic amino acids for energy

The brain can only use glucose as fuel

Up to a quarter of energy requirement of the brain can come from fatty acids

Up to a half of energy requirement of the brain can come from ketone bodies

A

The brain can use glucogenic amino acids for energy

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10
Q

ne of the following statements about the control of enzyme activity by phosphorylation is correct

Phosphorylation of an enzyme results in conformational change

Phosphorylation of an enzyme occurs only at specific tyrosine residues

Phosphorylation of an enzyme is carried out by phosphoprotein phosphatases

Enzyme control by phosphorylation is irreversible

A

Phosphorylation of an enzyme results in conformational change

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11
Q

Gluconeogenesis responds to which of the following?

Hormonal control
pH control
Temperature control
Blood control

A

Hormonal control

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12
Q

When blood sugar levels fall, glycolysis is halted in liver to allow

Homeostasis
Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration
Gluconeogenesis

A

Gluconeogenesis

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13
Q

How many steps are catalyzed by same enzymes in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

6
7
8
9

A

7

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14
Q

How many steps are catalyzed by different enzymes in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

2
3
4
5

A

3

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15
Q

Three reactions of glycolysis are so exergonic, which are not catalyzed by

Hexokinase
PFK-1
Pyruvate kinase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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16
Q

What are the effects of increased concentration of citrate?

Increases the inhibitory effect of ATP
Decreases the inhibitory effect of ATP
Increases the activity of ATP
Increases the activity of AMP

A

Increases the inhibitory effect of ATP

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17
Q

The second control point in gluconeogenesis is the reaction catalyzed by

Pyruvate kinase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
PFK-1

A

FBPase-1

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18
Q

Which of the following statements is true about PFK-1?

It is stimulated by AMP and ADP
It is stimulated by citrate and ATP
It is inhibited by AMP and ADP
It is stimulated by citrate and ADP

A

It is stimulated by AMP and ADP

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19
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding acetyl co-A?

It stimulates pyruvate dehydrogenase
It stimulates pyruvate carboxylase
It inhibits pyruvate carboxylase
It stimulates hexokinase

A

It stimulates pyruvate carboxylase

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20
Q

Which of the following is a potent regulator of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

Fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate
Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
Glucose 1, 6-bisphosphate

A

Fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate

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21
Q

Glucagon and epinephrine stimulate glycogen breakdown to glucose 6-phosphate

Directly by binding to glycogen phosphorylase

Indirectly by first stimulating adenylate cyclase to make cAMP

Only in the liver

Only in muscle cells

A

Indirectly by first stimulating adenylate cyclase to make cAMP

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22
Q

The compounds responsible for coordinated regulation of glucose and glycogen metabolism are

NADH
NAD+
Acetyl co-A
Fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate

A

Fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate

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23
Q

Glycogen synthase a is activated by

Phosphorylation catalyzed by GSK3
Dephosphorylation catalyzed by GSK3
Phosphorylation catalyzed by pyruvate kinase
Phosphorylation catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase

A

Phosphorylation catalyzed by GSK3

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24
Q

Glucagon is released from

Muscle
Pancreas
Kidneys
Epithelial tissues

A

Pancreas

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25
Q

Glucose 6-phosphatase is present only in

Liver
Muscle
Epithelial tissues
Kidneys

A

Liver

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26
Q

Which of the following enzymes is involved in the positive regulation of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis?

Hexokinase II
Hexokinase IV
PFK-2/FBPase-2
Pyruvate kinase

A

PFK-2/FBPase-2

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27
Q

Which of the following enzymes is involved in fatty acid synthesis?

Hexokinase II
Hexokinase IV
PFK-2/FBPase-2
Pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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28
Q

Which of the following is involved in triacylglycerol synthesis?

Hexokinase II
Acyl co-A glycerol transferases
PFK-2/FBPase-2
Pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

Acyl co-A glycerol transferases

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29
Q

Which of the following is involved in pentose phosphate pathway?

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Acyl co-A glycerol transferases
PFK-2/FBPase-2
Pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase

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30
Q

Which of the following enzyme’s gene expression is slowed by insulin?

Hexokinase II
Hexokinase IV
PEP carboxykinase
Pyruvate kinase

A

PEP carboxykinase

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31
Q

Flux control coefficient measures the

Steady state change
pH change
Temperature change
Hormonal change

A

Steady state change

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32
Q

What is the relation between elasticity coefficient, flux coefficient and response coefficient?

R = C.ε
R = C⁄ε
R = ε⁄C
ε = C.R
A

R = C.ε

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33
Q

Which of the following is a measure of the effect of an enzyme’s concentration on flux through a multi-enzyme pathway?

Response coefficient
Elasticity coefficient
Flux control coefficient
Metabolic control

A

Flux control coefficient

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34
Q

Which of the following is a measure of how responsive the enzyme is to changes in the concentration of a metabolite?

Response coefficient
Elasticity coefficient
Flux control coefficient
Metabolic control

A

Elasticity coefficient

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35
Q

An expression for the experimentally determined change in flux through a pathway in response to a regulatory hormone or second messenger

Response coefficient
Elasticity coefficient
Flux control coefficient
Metabolic control

A

Response coefficient

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36
Q

Which of the following statements about the control of glycogen synthesis from blood glucose in myocytes is incorrect?

Insulin affects three of five steps in this pathway

The effects on transport and hexokinase activity
increase the flux towards glycogen

The change in glycogen synthase activity increases the flux towards glycogen

Hexokinase enzyme is involved

A

The change in glycogen synthase activity increases the flux towards glycogen

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37
Q

Some regulated enzymes control the flux through a pathway, this activity is

Regulation
Control
Metabolism
Anabolism

A

Control

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38
Q

Some regulated enzymes rebalance the level of metabolites in response to the change in flux, this activity is

Regulation
Control
Metabolism
Anabolism

A

Regulation

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39
Q

Metabolic control analysis does not suggests that

When the blood glucose level rises, insulin acts in muscle to increase glucose transport into cells by bringing GLUT4 to the plasma membrane

When the blood glucose level rises, insulin acts in muscle to induce the synthesis of PFK-1

When the blood glucose level rises, insulin acts in muscle to activate glycogen synthase by covalent alteration

When the blood glucose level rises, insulin acts in muscle to induce the synthesis of hexokinase

A

When the blood glucose level rises, insulin acts in muscle to induce the synthesis of PFK-1

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40
Q

Which of the following is the most influential in setting the flux through glycolysis?

Hexokinase
PFK-1
PFK-2
Both hexokinase and PFK-1

A

Hexokinase

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41
Q

Glutamate is metabolically converted to α-ketoglutarate and NH4+ by a process

Oxidative deamination
Transamination
Reductive deamination
Deamination

A

Oxidative deamination

42
Q

Free ammonia combined with glutamate to yield glutamine by the action of

Glutaminase
Glutamine synthase
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Amino transferase

A

Glutamine synthase

43
Q

Pyridoxal phosphate and its aminate form, pyridoxamine phosphate are tightly bound coenzymes of

Amino transferases
Glutaminase
Glutamine synthase
Glutamate dehydrogenase

A

Amino transferases

44
Q

The necessary coenzyme for transamination reactions is

Pyridoxal phosphate
Thiamine pyrophosphate
NAD
Coenzyme A

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

45
Q

The first step in the catabolism of most L-amino acids once they have reached the liver is promoted by

Amino transferases
Glutaminase
Glutamine synthase
Glutamate dehydrogenase

A

Amino transferases

46
Q

The combined action of aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase is referred as

Oxidative deamination
Transamination
Reductive deamination
Transdeamination

A

Transdeamination

47
Q

Glutamine is converted to glutamate and NH4+ by

Amino transferases
Glutaminase
Glutamine synthase
Glutamate dehydrogenase

A

Glutaminase

48
Q

Which of the following operates at an important intersection of carbon and nitrogen metabolism?

Amino transferases
Glutaminase
Glutamine synthase
Glutamate dehydrogenase

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase

49
Q

Trypsinogen is converted to its active state by

Enteropeptidase
Glutaminase
Glutamine synthase
Glutamate dehydrogenase

A

Enteropeptidase

50
Q

Which of the following hydrolyzes successive amino-terminal residues from short peptides?

Aminopeptidase
Enteropeptidase
Glutamine synthase
Glutamate dehydrogenase

A

Aminopeptidase

51
Q

Urea production occurs almost exclusively in

Kidneys
Liver
Blood
Urine

A

Liver

52
Q

The first amino group entering into urea cycle is

Carbomyl phosphate
Ornithine
Cituilline
Argininosuccinate

A

Carbomyl phosphate

53
Q

The first enzyme in the pathway carbamoyl phosphate synthase I, is allosterically activated by

N-acetylglutamate
Acetyl coA
Glutamate
Carbamoyl phosphate

A

N-acetylglutamate

54
Q

A second amino group is transferred to cituilline from

Aspartate
Glutamate
Alanine
Guanine

A

Aspartate

55
Q

Nitrogen atoms of urea produced in the urea cycle are derived from

Ammonia and aspartic acid
Nitrate
Nitrite
Ammonia

A

Ammonia and aspartic acid

56
Q

Products of urea cycle are

One molecule of urea, one molecule of ammonia, one molecule of ATP and one molecule of fumaric acid

One molecule of urea, one molecule of AMP, two molecule of ADP and one molecule of fumaric acid

One molecule of aspartic acid, one molecule of ammonia, one molecule of ATP and one molecule of fumaric acid

Two molecules of urea, two molecules of ammonia, one molecule of ATP and one molecule of fumaric acid

A

One molecule of urea, one molecule of AMP, two molecule of ADP and one molecule of fumaric acid

57
Q

The carbon atom source while producing urea in the urea cycle is

CO2
Glucose
Aspartic acid
Arginine

A

CO2

58
Q

Which of the following is not an essential amino acid?

Glycine
Leucine
Methionine
Histidine

A

Methionine

59
Q

Urea cycle converts

Keto acids into amino acids
Amino acids into keto acids
Ammonia into a less toxic form
Ammonia into a more toxic form

A

Keto acids into amino acids

60
Q

Inputs to one cycle of urea cycle are

One molecule of CO2, one molecule of ammonia, three molecule of ATP and one molecule of aspartic acid

One molecule of urea, one molecule of AMP, two molecule of ADP and one molecule of fumaric acid

One molecule of aspartic acid, one molecule of ammonia, one molecule of ATP and one molecule of fumaric acid

Two molecules of urea, two molecules of ammonia, one molecule of ATP and one molecule of fumaric acid

A

One molecule of CO2, one molecule of ammonia, three molecule of ATP and one molecule of aspartic ac

61
Q

Which of the following amino acids are exclusively ketogenic?

Leucine
Asparagine
Threonine
Proline

A

Leucine

62
Q

Which of the following are exclusively glucogenic?

Arginine
Leucine
Lysine
Threonine

A

Arginine

63
Q

Which of the following yield acetyl co-A via aceto-acetyl co-A?

Leucine
Isoleucine
Threonine
Alanine

A

Leucine

64
Q

Which of the following yield acetyl coA directly?

Phenylalanine
Isoleucine
Lysine
Alanine

A

Isoleucine

65
Q

Which of the following produce pyruvate?

Leucine
Isoleucine
Lysine
Alanine

A

Alanine

66
Q

Which of the following produce α-ketoglutarate?

Leucine
Threonine
Methionine
Proline

A

Proline

67
Q

Which of the following produce succinyl co-A?

Leucine
Isoleucine
Arginine
Alanine

A

Isoleucine

68
Q

Fumarate is produced from four carbon atoms of

Tyrosine
Isoleucine
Threonine
Alanine

A

Tyrosine

69
Q

Which of the following produce oxaloacetate?

Aspartate
Isoleucine
Threonine
Alanine

A

Aspartate

70
Q

The branched chain amino acid is not

Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Alanine

A

Alanine

71
Q

Protein that contains nucleic acid derivative of riboflavin is called

Nucleic acid
Amino acid
Flavoprotein
None

A

Flavoprotein

72
Q

NADP-linked dehydrogenase catalyzes

Glucose 6-phosphate+NADP+ ↔ 6-phosphogluconate + NADPH + H+

Lactate + NAD+ ↔ pyruvate + NADH + H+

Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ ↔ acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+

L-Malate + NAD+ ↔ oxaloacetate + NADH + H+

A

Glucose 6-phosphate+NADP+ ↔ 6-phosphogluconate + NADPH + H+

73
Q

A lipid-soluble benzoquinone with a long isoprenoid side chain

Ubiquinone
Cytochrome b
Cytochrome c
Cytochrome a

A

Ubiquinone

74
Q

The only membrane bound enzyme in the citric acid cycle is

Succinate dehydrogenase
NADH dehydrogenase
ATP synthase
Acyl co-A dehydrogenase

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

75
Q

The first step in the β oxidation of fatty acyl co-A is catalyzed by

Succinate dehydrogenase
NADH dehydrogenase
ATP synthase
Acyl co-A dehydrogenase

A

Acyl co-A dehydrogenase

76
Q

Complex 1 is also called

a. NADH dehydrogenase
b. Succinate dehydrogenase
c. Cytochrome bc1 complex
d. Cytochrome oxidase

A

NADH dehydrogenase

77
Q

Complex 2 is also called

NADH dehydrogenase
Succinate dehydrogenase
Cytochrome bc1 complex
Cytochrome oxidase

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

78
Q

Complex 3 is also called

NADH dehydrogenase
Succinate dehydrogenase
Cytochrome bc1 complex
Cytochrome oxidase

A

Cytochrome bc1 complex

79
Q

Complex 4 is also called

NADH dehydrogenase
Succinate dehydrogenase
Cytochrome bc1 complex
Cytochrome oxidase

A

Cytochrome oxidase

80
Q

In mitochondria, hydride ions are removed from substrates by

NAD-linked dehydrogenases
NADP-linked dehydrogenases
ATP synthase
Succinate dehydrogenases

A

NAD-linked dehydrogenases

81
Q

Which of the following is the prosthetic group of NADH dehydrogenase?

NADH
FAD
NADPH
FMN

A

FMN

82
Q

Effect of valinomycin on oxidative phosphorylation does not involve

pH gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane decreases

Rate of flow of electrons increases

Rate of oxygen consumption increases

Net yield of ATP decreases

A

pH gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane decreases

83
Q

If mitochondria were blocked at the site of NADH oxidation and were treated with succinate as substrate, what would the P : O ratio is?

Same as that normally produced by succinate
One more than normally produced by succinate
One less than normally produced by succinate
Zero

A

Same as that normally produced by succinate

84
Q

If 2, 4-dinitrophenol is added to tightly coupled mitochondria that are actively oxidizing succinate

Electron flow will continue but ATP synthesis will not occur

Electron flow will continue but ATP synthesis will be increased

Electron flow will cease but ATP synthesis will continue

Both electron flow and ATP synthesis will be ceased

A

Electron flow will continue but ATP synthesis will not occur

85
Q

If the oxidative phosphorylation was uncoupled in the mitochondria then there is a/an

Decreased concentration of ADP in the mitochondria
Decreased oxidative rate
Increased inorganic phosphate in the mitochondria
Decreased production of heat

A

Increased inorganic phosphate in the mitochondria

86
Q

If rotenone is added to the mitochondrial electron transport chain

Succinate oxidation remains normal

P: O ratio of NADH is reduced from 3:1 to 2:1

Oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled at site I

Rate of NADH oxidation is diminished to two-thirds of its initial value

A

Succinate oxidation remains normal

87
Q

Which of the following takes place in substrate level phosphorylation?

Oxidation of one molecule of substrate is linked to synthesis of more than one ATP molecule

High energy intermediate compounds cannot be isolated

Only mitochondrial reactions participate in ATP formation

Substrate reacts to form a product containing a high energy bond

A

Substrate reacts to form a product containing a high energy bond

88
Q

Chemiosmotic hypothesis does not involve

Only proton transport is strictly regulated, other positively charged ions can diffuse freely across the mitochondrial membrane

ATPase activity is reversible

Proton flow in to the mitochondria depends on the presence of ADP and Pi

Electron transport by the respiratory chain pumps protons out of the mitochondria

A

Only proton transport is strictly regulated, other positively charged ions can diffuse freely across the mitochondrial membrane

89
Q

Out of the following the one having highest redox potential is

Ubiquinone
O2
FMN
NAD

A

O2

90
Q

Which of the following accepts only one electron?

Cytochrome b
Coenzyme Q
FMN
FAD

A

Cytochrome b

91
Q

The proposal of chemiosmotic hypothesis was by

Peter D. Mitchell
Charles Darwin
Mendele
Alfred Russell

A

Peter D. Mitchell

92
Q

ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis is by

ATP dehydrogenase
Gyrase
ATP synthase
Dehydrogenase

A

ATP synthase

93
Q

The measure of potential energy stored as combination of proton and voltage gradients across membrane is termed as

Proton motive force
Electron motive force
Molecule motive force
Ion motive force

A

Proton motive force

94
Q

The transport of acyl co-A for oxidation using a shuttle involves formation of the intermediate

Acyl coenzyme A
3 acetyl co-A
Acyl cartinine
None

A

Acyl cartinine

95
Q

Three identical β subunits of the F1 complex during ATP synthesis have

Different affinities for ATP and ADP
Similar affinities for ADP and ATP
Different affinities for ADP but not ATP
Different affinities for ATP but not ADP

A

Different affinities for ATP and ADP

96
Q

The acyl co-A formed in the cytosol is transported to

Mitochondrial matrix
Microsomes
ER
Remains in cytosol

A

Mitochondrial matrix

97
Q

Every cycle of β-oxidation produces

1 FAD, 1 NAD+ and 2 CO2 molecules
1 FADH2, 1 NADH and 1 acetyl co-A
1 FADH2, 1 NAD+ and 1 acetyl co-A
1 FAD, 1 NADH and 2 CO2 molecules

A

1 FADH2, 1 NADH and 1 acetyl co-A

98
Q

Membrane potential and proton gradient

Cancel one another when uncouplers are present

Reinforce one another when respiratory inhibitors are present

Are sufficient, separately to make ATP from ADP + Pi

Are required to make ATP

A

Are required to make ATP

99
Q

Long-chain fatty acids are oxidized step-wise in one carbon units starting from

Carboxyl end
Aliphatic end
a and b
None

A

Carboxyl end

100
Q

Maximum energy per gram on oxidation is yielded from

Starch
Fat
Glycogen
Protein

A

Fat

101
Q

END

A

end

BIO CHEM (10 decks)

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