Bio chap 3 test Flashcards
Explain the difference between organic compounds and inorganic compounds.
Organic compounds: contain both hydrogen and carbon (build cells); Nonorganic compounds: does not contain both carbon and hydrogen
Explain the difference between a monomer, a polymer, and a macromolecule
Monomer: single chemical molecule
Polymer: Molecule composed of many monomers
Macromolecule: large molecules composed of many polymers
Explain the special properties of carbon that enable it to be the “essential element” of life
Forms strong covalent bonds with other elements
Forms strong covalent bonds with itself
Form single, double, or triple covalent bonds
List the 4 major macromolecules found in living things
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Define proteins
organic compound made up of chains of amino acids
Explain the structure of proteins, including its monomer
A long chain of amino acids with a folding protein (polypeptide)
Identify the type of bond that forms between individual amino acids
Peptide bond
Explain the difference between a protein’s primary structure and its secondary structure.
Primary: Order of amino acids
Secondary: Folding pattern of a protein
Identify the type of bond that maintains the folded shape of the protein; this bond forms only when the protein has secondary structure
Hydrogen bonds
Explain the structural difference between an alpha-helix protein and a beta-pleated protein.
Alpha helix: spiral shaped with amino acid (think pipe cleaner)
Beta Pleated: Zig-zag
List and explain the roles of the 4 types of proteins I expect you to know
Enzymatic: selective acceleration of chemical molecules
transport: Transport of substances
contractile and motor: Movement
structural proteins: support
Define metabolism
Combination of chemical reactions where an organism either breaks down or builds materials
Define activation energy
The minimum amount of energy used to start a chemical reaction
Define “enzyme”
The substance produced by an organism that acts as a catalyst to lower activation energy without being destroyed
Describe what an enzyme does and how it works. Your answer must include the phrase “activation energy.”
Start reactions by lowering the activation energy required to start a chemical reaction
Describe the function of salivary amylase in humans.
Enzymes found in saliva that starts the breakdown of starch
Explain why someone with lactose intolerance is not able to digest milk. Be detailed!
In most people, lactose is broken from a DISACCHARIDE into two
MONOSACCHARIDES. Lactose intolerance is when they don’t have lactase to break down the lactose
Describe the cause of Gaucher’s disease, including the names of important molecules
Because of the lack of glucocerebrosidase, there is nothing to break down lipids in the spleen and liver allowing fat to build up
Explain what occurs to the cells of an individual with Gaucher’s disease.
Glucose/lipids build up in the cells due to the lack of glucocerebrosidase
Explain in detail why Maria from our case study experienced the following symptoms:
1. Protruding stomach 2. Increased bruising
3. Tiredness
- Expanded spleen and liver
- Less blood cells are produced making bruising easier
- Anmeia (low blood cells because of low blood marrow production along with spleen killing off) does not allow proper oxygen supply
Describe how an enzyme works as it relates to the substrate and active site of the enzyme (the induced fit model)
The enzyme attracts the substrate and connect on the active site and mold to the model
Describe the 3 ways in which an enzyme can be deactivated
1) Competitive inhibition – a molecule takes
up the active site so the substrate cannot
enter
2) Noncompetitive (or allosteric) inhibition – a
molecules takes up another space on the
enzyme that causes the active site to change
shape
3) Temperature or pH change – changes the
shape of the enzyme because it breaks
hydrogen bonds, which changes shape of
active site
