Bio Animal structure and function

Question 1

Tidal Volume

Answer 1

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled

Question 2

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 2

Additional capacity that can be inhaled

Question 3

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 3

Additional capacity that can be exhaled

Question 4

Vital capacity

Answer 4

total volume of gas that can move in and out of the lungs. is equal to tidal+IRV+ERV

Question 5

Residual volume

Answer 5

amount of gas that remains in the lungs and the passageways after a full exhalation

Question 6

Nose/Mouth Airway Function

Answer 6

Air is warmed, moistened and filtered of dust

Question 7

Pharynx/Epiglottis

Answer 7

diverts food or air to the correct passage

Question 8

Trachea

Answer 8

Brings air to the bronchi

Question 9

Bronchi

Answer 9

A bronchus feeds into each lung. These then segment in to finer and finer successive bronchi that divert throughout the lungs

Question 10

Lung

Answer 10

Main breathing centre of the body, brings in air and oxygenates blood, while also scrubbing CO2. divided into several lobes, right has 3 left has 2

Question 11

Bronchiole

Answer 11

small airways that link bronchi and alveoli

Question 12

alveoli

Answer 12

small cluster of sacks, surrounded by capillaries. serves as main gas exchange location

Question 13

Respiratory system

Answer 13

responsible for bringing oxygen into the body, and expelling CO2

Question 14

Circulatory system

Answer 14

transports gasses from respiratory system throughout the body. regulates temperature and protects disease. transports chemical substances and heals blood loss.

Question 15

Heart

Answer 15

located to the left of the chest. surrounded by strong cardiac muscle, which allows it to beat without stopping involuntarily. 4 chambers, which pump in a loop from right lobe;lungs;left lobe; rest of body

Question 16

Blood vessels

Answer 16

system of tubes throughout the body that blood flows through. consists of arteries (away from heart) and veins (toward heart)

Question 17

blood

Answer 17

main medium of the circulatory system. carries oxygen, nutrients, antibodies and other things. is fluid, consists of formed and plasma portion. plasma contains basic resources and gas, while formed consists of RBCs, WBCs, and plateletes

Question 18

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 18

blood cycled from heart to lungs

Question 19

systemic circulation

Answer 19

blood flow through the rest of the body

Question 20

Red Blood Cell

Answer 20

make up 44% of blood, specialized for oxygen transport via hemoglobin. % measured via a hematocrit, men levels are 41-50% and womens are 36-44%. also named erythrocytes

Question 21

White blood cells

Answer 21

also called leukocytes, make up 1% of blood. important for fighting off disease or infection

Question 22

platelets

Answer 22

also called thrombocytes, they are important in blood clotting. plateletes produce thromboplastin, which reacts with prothrombin to produce thrombin, which reacts with fibrinogen to produce fibrin, which forms a mesh

Question 23

Digestive system

Answer 23

Main system of the body devoted to digesting and extracting nutrients from food.

Question 24

Stages of digestion

Answer 24

Ingestion (eating and chewing), digestion (breaking down food), absorption (absorption of nutrients into blood), elimination (remove of waste from body

Question 25

Mouth

Answer 25

saliva and chewing breaks down the food both mechanically and chemically, allowing it to be easily ingested.

Question 26

Stomach

Answer 26

filled with millions of gastric glands that secrete gastric juice when stimulated. mechanical and chemical digestion, muscles contract or relax to churn food, and chemical enzymes break it down further.

Question 27

Pepsin

Answer 27

digestive enzyme present in the stomach, only works in acidic environments

Question 28

Bile

Answer 28

Mechanically digests larger fats/lipids.

Question 29

Small intestine

Answer 29

digestion complete, macromolecules are broken down further and absorbed within this area. made up of duodenum, jejenum, and ileum

Question 30

duodenum

Answer 30

first region after stomach, folded to increase surface area and has fingers called villi that help to absorb material

Question 31

Jejenum

Answer 31

follow after duodenum, about 2.5m long and even more folds then duodenum. breaks down remaining proteins

Question 32

ileum

Answer 32

about 3m long and follows after jejenum. absorbs nutrients and pushes into large intestine

Question 33

large intestine/colon

Answer 33

remaining waste sent here, main function is to absorb water. 90% of water is absorbed back into the blood.

Question 34

Liver

Answer 34

largest internal organ, produces bile. also is the main detoxifier in the body, and produces other digestive enzymes and proteins

Question 35

Pancreas

Answer 35

regulates blood sugar levels, but also deacidifies stomach acid in the duodenum

Question 36

Carbohydrases

Answer 36

enzme that digest carbohydrates. Amylase, maltase, lactase are all examples

Question 37

lipases

Answer 37

digest lipids (fat)

Question 38

Protease

Answer 38

digest larger polypeptides. pepsin, trypsin, peptidase are all examples.

Question 39

gastric juice

Answer 39

acidic stomach mixture consisting of mucus, acids, and digestive enzymes