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KAMSC STUDY SEMESTER TWO > Bio 9 > Flashcards

Bio 9 Flashcards

1
Q

calorie

A

a measurement of energy:
one calorie= the amount of energy needed to heat ONE gram of water ONE degree celcius

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2
Q

How do cells get energy out of the bonds between glucose?
What percent of the energy do they get?

A

they gradually release the energy stored through cell respiration
38%

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3
Q

What are the three steps of cellular respiration in order?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. Kerb cycle
  3. electron transport
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4
Q

Describe glycolysis

A

-the first step of cellular respiration
-glycolysis breaks one glucose in half USING 2 ATPS, and GETTING 4 ATPS, with a net growth of 2 ATPS
-It also adds to electrons to NAD+ to arrange it into NADH and store energy to be used later

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5
Q

What is the difference of the process of breaking down glucose if there is or isn’t oxygen?

A

If there is oxygen present :
- after glycolysis one pathway opens up to lead to the process of cellular respiration
If there ISN’T oxygen:
- after glycolysis one of two types of Fermentation occur

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6
Q

What is fermantaion?

A

A process after glycolysis if no oxygen is present:
- uses two pyruvic acids and NADH
- two types of fermentation
- IT ALWAYS MAKES NADH INTO NAD+ TO BE USED AGAIN!!

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7
Q

What are the two types of fermentation

A

alcohol fermentation (used by yeast)
- pyruvic acid + NADH => alcohol + NAD+
Lactic Acid fermentation
- pyruvic acid + NADH => Lactic Acid + NAD+

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8
Q

Why does Lactic Acid fermentation occur?

A

When there is a build up of pyruvic acid, this happens often when you are working out

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9
Q

What is the cellular respiration formula?

A

6(oxygen) + 1(glucose molecule) => 6(carbon dioxide) + 6(water) + Energy

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10
Q

how many electrons and hydrogen ions are carried by NADH?

A

electrons- 2
H+ - 1

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11
Q

What are some advantages of glycolysis?

A

It is very fast, and doesn’t need oxygen

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12
Q

Anaerobic

A

A process releasing energy without the use of oxygen

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13
Q

Why don’t cells burn glucose molecules and instead go through cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration is controlled and energy can be stored

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14
Q

What is the make up of NADH

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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15
Q

what are the two main parts of the kerb cycle

A

-pyruvik acid is broken down in a series of chemical reactions-
1. becomes Co2 and acetyl, then CoA is added to make acetyl-CoA, then acetyl combines with a 4 carbon compound to make citric acid
2. citric acid is broken down twice first to a 5 carbon compound then to a 4 carbon compound (CoA)- cycles back

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16
Q

What is acetyl?

A

2 carbons, 1 oxygen, 3 hydrogen

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17
Q

What is CoA?

A

Coenzyme A

18
Q

In the kerb cycle, while citric acid is broken into a 5 carbon compound what are the by products?

A

-CO2
- NAD+ => NADH

19
Q

In the kerb cycle, while a 5 carbon compound is broken into a 4 carbon compound, what are the byproducts?

A

-CO2
- NAD+ => NADH
- ADP => ATP

20
Q

In the kerb cycle as the cycle restarts what products are released?

A
  • FAD => FADH2
  • NAD+ => NADH
21
Q

From the kerb cycle what is the total energy gain?

A

FADH2 + ATP + 3NADH

22
Q

How are the electron carries from the kerb cycle used in the cell?
(3NADH + 1FADH2)

A

They release their electrons (and hydrogen ions) to the electron transport chain in the cell.

23
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Similar to the one found in chloroplasts for photosynthesis, it moves electrons through a series of carrier proteins powering a proton pump.

24
Q

Proton Pump

A

a protein (powered by electrons) in the inner membrane of a chloroplast which pumps H+ molecules to one side creating a positive charge and powering the ATP synthase

25
Q

What happens to low energy electrons and H+ at the end of the electron chain?

A

They are both waste!

They are picked up by Oxygen at the end of the chain and create H2O

26
Q

why does acetyl combine with CoA?

A

the acetyl combines with the coenzyme to be combined with a 4 carbon compound to form citric acid

27
Q

during glycolysis, how is pyruvic acid formed?

A

glucose is split apart into two three carbon compounds (use 2 ATP), THEN since the compounds are unstable, pyruvic acid is formed and energy(4 ATP and 1 NADP) is released.

28
Q

what kind of fermentation is done by animals and plants

A

animals- lactic acid
plants- alcohol

29
Q

energy ___
matter __

A

energy flows, matter cycles

30
Q

do plants or animals use cellular respiration

A

TRICK QUESTION- they BOTH use cellular respiration to break down glucose and release energy

31
Q

does anaerobic or aerobic get more energy

A

aerobic (when it requires oxygen), because all of cell. resp. can occur

32
Q

where do anaerobic/aerobic reactions occur?

A

anaerobic- the mitochondrion membrane
aerobic- inside the mitochondrion

33
Q

how much of the energy in glucose is gained by glycolysis?

A

10%

34
Q

how much of the energy in glucose is released and captured in cellular respiration?

A

38%

35
Q

How many ATP molecules come out of one molecule of glucose (aerobic)

A

36

36
Q

what are the total products of the kerb cycle?

A

1 pyruvate = 3 NADH, 1 ATP, FADH2
2 pyruvate (one glucose)= 6 NADH. 2 ATP, 2 FADH2

37
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

A

NADH+pyruvic acid => alcohol + NAD+

38
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation Formula

A

NADH + Pyruvate acid => lactic acid + NAD+

39
Q

does lactic acid need energy to be broken down?

A

yes

40
Q

What types of organisms use each of the types of fermentation?

A

plans: alcohol
animals: lactic acid

41
Q

When you feel sore after working out, what is this caused by?

A

Lactic acid build up, your body will make lactic acid because of the lack of oxygen but this can feel sore.

KAMSC STUDY SEMESTER TWO (11 decks)

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