Bio 9 Flashcards
calorie
a measurement of energy:
one calorie= the amount of energy needed to heat ONE gram of water ONE degree celcius
How do cells get energy out of the bonds between glucose?
What percent of the energy do they get?
they gradually release the energy stored through cell respiration
38%
What are the three steps of cellular respiration in order?
- glycolysis
- Kerb cycle
- electron transport
Describe glycolysis
-the first step of cellular respiration
-glycolysis breaks one glucose in half USING 2 ATPS, and GETTING 4 ATPS, with a net growth of 2 ATPS
-It also adds to electrons to NAD+ to arrange it into NADH and store energy to be used later
What is the difference of the process of breaking down glucose if there is or isn’t oxygen?
If there is oxygen present :
- after glycolysis one pathway opens up to lead to the process of cellular respiration
If there ISN’T oxygen:
- after glycolysis one of two types of Fermentation occur
What is fermantaion?
A process after glycolysis if no oxygen is present:
- uses two pyruvic acids and NADH
- two types of fermentation
- IT ALWAYS MAKES NADH INTO NAD+ TO BE USED AGAIN!!
What are the two types of fermentation
alcohol fermentation (used by yeast)
- pyruvic acid + NADH => alcohol + NAD+
Lactic Acid fermentation
- pyruvic acid + NADH => Lactic Acid + NAD+
Why does Lactic Acid fermentation occur?
When there is a build up of pyruvic acid, this happens often when you are working out
What is the cellular respiration formula?
6(oxygen) + 1(glucose molecule) => 6(carbon dioxide) + 6(water) + Energy
how many electrons and hydrogen ions are carried by NADH?
electrons- 2
H+ - 1
What are some advantages of glycolysis?
It is very fast, and doesn’t need oxygen
Anaerobic
A process releasing energy without the use of oxygen
Why don’t cells burn glucose molecules and instead go through cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is controlled and energy can be stored
What is the make up of NADH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
what are the two main parts of the kerb cycle
-pyruvik acid is broken down in a series of chemical reactions-
1. becomes Co2 and acetyl, then CoA is added to make acetyl-CoA, then acetyl combines with a 4 carbon compound to make citric acid
2. citric acid is broken down twice first to a 5 carbon compound then to a 4 carbon compound (CoA)- cycles back
What is acetyl?
2 carbons, 1 oxygen, 3 hydrogen
What is CoA?
Coenzyme A
In the kerb cycle, while citric acid is broken into a 5 carbon compound what are the by products?
-CO2
- NAD+ => NADH
In the kerb cycle, while a 5 carbon compound is broken into a 4 carbon compound, what are the byproducts?
-CO2
- NAD+ => NADH
- ADP => ATP
In the kerb cycle as the cycle restarts what products are released?
- FAD => FADH2
- NAD+ => NADH
From the kerb cycle what is the total energy gain?
FADH2 + ATP + 3NADH
How are the electron carries from the kerb cycle used in the cell?
(3NADH + 1FADH2)
They release their electrons (and hydrogen ions) to the electron transport chain in the cell.
Electron transport chain
Similar to the one found in chloroplasts for photosynthesis, it moves electrons through a series of carrier proteins powering a proton pump.
Proton Pump
a protein (powered by electrons) in the inner membrane of a chloroplast which pumps H+ molecules to one side creating a positive charge and powering the ATP synthase
What happens to low energy electrons and H+ at the end of the electron chain?
They are both waste!
They are picked up by Oxygen at the end of the chain and create H2O
why does acetyl combine with CoA?
the acetyl combines with the coenzyme to be combined with a 4 carbon compound to form citric acid
during glycolysis, how is pyruvic acid formed?
glucose is split apart into two three carbon compounds (use 2 ATP), THEN since the compounds are unstable, pyruvic acid is formed and energy(4 ATP and 1 NADP) is released.
what kind of fermentation is done by animals and plants
animals- lactic acid
plants- alcohol
energy ___
matter __
energy flows, matter cycles
do plants or animals use cellular respiration
TRICK QUESTION- they BOTH use cellular respiration to break down glucose and release energy
does anaerobic or aerobic get more energy
aerobic (when it requires oxygen), because all of cell. resp. can occur
where do anaerobic/aerobic reactions occur?
anaerobic- the mitochondrion membrane
aerobic- inside the mitochondrion
how much of the energy in glucose is gained by glycolysis?
10%
how much of the energy in glucose is released and captured in cellular respiration?
38%
How many ATP molecules come out of one molecule of glucose (aerobic)
36
what are the total products of the kerb cycle?
1 pyruvate = 3 NADH, 1 ATP, FADH2
2 pyruvate (one glucose)= 6 NADH. 2 ATP, 2 FADH2
Alcohol Fermentation
NADH+pyruvic acid => alcohol + NAD+
Lactic Acid Fermentation Formula
NADH + Pyruvate acid => lactic acid + NAD+
does lactic acid need energy to be broken down?
yes
What types of organisms use each of the types of fermentation?
plans: alcohol
animals: lactic acid
When you feel sore after working out, what is this caused by?
Lactic acid build up, your body will make lactic acid because of the lack of oxygen but this can feel sore.
