Bio 10

Question 1

cell division

Answer 1

after growth a cell divides into 2 daughter cells

Question 2

DNA overload

Answer 2

when the molecules needed are too much for the amount of DNA there is too code for them

Question 3

Why don’t cells just keep growing?

Answer 3

1. DNA overload
2. Material Transport

Question 4

What problems to material transport does a large cell pose?

Answer 4

A too large cell has too much space to be efficient. Any molecules take a while to move from point a to point b

Question 5

how is the SA/V ratio effected by size of cell

Answer 5

The larger the cell, the smaller the ratio

Question 6

What are the main 4 phases of the cell cycle

Answer 6

G1- cell growth
S- replicate chromosomes
G2- preparefor mitosis
M- cell devision

Question 7

What are the three types of of cell division and what kinds of cells use them?

Answer 7

1. Procaryotic- Binary fission
2. Eucaryotic- asexual reproduction-cell cycle
3. Formation of Gametes- CHAPTER 11!!

Question 8

True or False: DNA must be passed on during cell division

Answer 8

TRUE!!

Question 9

Binary Fission

Answer 9

Cell division of prokaryotic cells
- Stage 1- DNA is copied
- Stage 2- Cell divides

Question 10

Genes

Answer 10

segments of DNA coding for a specific thing

Question 11

DNA

Answer 11

deoxyribonucleicacid
- nucleic acid containing thousands of genes

Question 12

Chromosome

Answer 12

Structures of tightly wound DNA and histone proteins

CAN BE ONE OR TWO

Question 13

Chromatids

Answer 13

One of the pair of strands making up a x chromosomes

two are called sister chromatids

Question 14

Centromere

Answer 14

the point in the middle of a chromosome where the sister chromatids meet together

Question 15

Interphase

Answer 15

G1, S, G2, where the cell grows and prepares for division

Question 16

mitosis

Answer 16

the first phase of the M phase where the nucleus divides

Question 17

When can you see chromosones

Answer 17

During cell divisions the chromosones condense and become visible

Question 18

What are the 4 phases of mitosis

Answer 18

prohpase (longest)
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 19

How long does mitosis take?

Answer 19

between a few minutes and a few days

Question 20

Prophase

Answer 20

The first phase of mitosis taking 50-60 % of time
- chromosomes condense
- centrioles move apart off of centrosome
- nuclear envelope dissolves

Question 21

How are spindles formed and what happens to them after they are formed?

Answer 21

The spindles are structures made up of both centrioles and microtubules:
as the centrioles move off of the centrosome in the Prophase, the spindles are formed
After the chromosomes have been split the spindles dissolve into the cell.

Question 22

centrosome

Answer 22

an area in the cell where centrioles usually rest

Question 23

metaphase

Answer 23

2nd phase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell at the equator/metaphase plate because spindles play “tug of war” with each sister chromatid

Question 24

equator vs. metaphase plate

Answer 24

TRICK QUESTION!!
they are the same thing, they are the theoretical line where chromosomes line up during the metaphase

Question 25

Anaphase

Answer 25

3rd phase
The chromosomes split at the centromeres because the spindles holding onto each of them shrink to be shorter

Question 26

Telophase

Answer 26

4th phase
Sister chromosomes disperse into a tangle of DNA on their sides and new nuclear envelope forms

Question 27

cytokinesis

Answer 27

Division of cytoplasm
- cell membrane pinches in

Question 28

How do animal and plant cells differ in the way they split

Answer 28

animal cell membranes pinch together
plant cells build a sort of NEW membrane
(because plant cells are rectangular)

Question 29

G1 phase

Answer 29

The cells FIRST stage, growth stage where cell synthesis’s proteins and organells and nearly doubles in size

Question 30

G0 phase

Answer 30

A state a cell goes into WHEN THEY CAN’T DIVIDE
- continuous growth, or at least no loss in size

Question 31

S phase

Answer 31

2nd phase in cell cycle, (Synthesis Stage)
DNA IS SYNTHEZISED OR COPIED

Question 32

G2 phase

Answer 32

3rd phase (2nd growth phase)
Coiling of genetic material
Replication of Centrioles
Microtubules arranged
FINAL CHECK
(nucleus is prepared)

Question 33

When cells come in contact with other cells, do they grow?

Answer 33

NO! cells will usually grow more to fill spaces (heal cuts)
If cells dont have growth restrictions- CANCER

Question 34

Cancer

Answer 34

A body’s cells’ loss of ability to control growth

Question 35

What are some causes of cancer?

Answer 35

Deletion- deleting a gene
Dupliaction- multiple of the same gene
Inversion- reversing orientation or order of genes
Translocation- moving part of one gene onto another

Question 36

Regulators of the cell cycle

Answer 36

Different internal or external regulators that makes sure a cell is ready and has the space to split

Question 37

What are the 3 checkpoints of the cell cycle

Answer 37

G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
Mitosis checkpoint

Question 38

G1 checkpoint

Answer 38

Decides if cell can divide- if cell is big enough/has enough room
- IF NOT- cell grows more
- IF STILL NOT- cell remains in G0 phase

Question 39

G2 checkpoint

Answer 39

Decides if cell can still divide- checks if DNA is properly replicated
- IF NOT - more time to fix
- IF STILL NOT- cell death

Question 40

Mitosis checkpoint

Answer 40

Triggers the cell to stop mitosis and move onto cytokinesis

• CHECKS IF CHROMOSOMES ARE ATTACHED TO SPINDLES

Question 41

Regulator EX.

Answer 41

Cyclin, a protein that makes sure there is space for cell division and helps to control timing of cell division

Question 42

Internal Regulators

Answer 42

Proteins that respond to internal cell events

• such as those found at the checkpoints
• cause cells to stop or proceed

Question 43

External Regulators

Answer 43

Proteins responding to external events (growth factors)

• such as checking if there is space
• cause cells to speed up or slow down