Bio 11

Question 1

fertilization

Answer 1

when sperm and egg cells join in sexual reproduction

Question 2

Gregor Mendel

Answer 2

He was a monk who worked with peas in the 1800s to create the foundation of genetics

Question 3

true breeding

Answer 3

When self pollinated, produced the same exact trait every time
-means that the genotype is homozygous

Question 4

cross pollination

Answer 4

pollinating one pea plant with another

Question 5

hybrid

Answer 5

a cross between two different traits
- genotype is heterozygous

Question 6

when plants with different traits are cross pollinated, in most cases …..

Answer 6

the traits didn’t “mix”, they chose one or the other

Question 7

Principle of Dominance

Answer 7

certain alleles for a gene are either DOMINANT or RECESSIVE
-(there are some exceptions to this rule- chapter 11.3)

Question 8

segregation

Answer 8

gamtetes are formed during meiosis- the different alleles separate separately

Question 9

probability

Answer 9

likely hood an event would occur

Question 10

punnet square

Answer 10

shows likely outcomes of a genetic cross

Question 11

how do you use a punnet square

Answer 11

you put the genotypes of each parent around the edges and combine one allele with another in each square

Question 12

Genotype

Answer 12

genetic make up

Question 13

phenotype

Answer 13

physical outcome of genotype
-based on if gene is dominant of not

Question 14

homozygous vs, heterozygous

Answer 14

same or different alleles

Question 15

segregation and punnet squares

Answer 15

because alleles segregate separately, the different alleles that are passed on can be passed on in any way. That is why punnet squares work.

Question 16

Independent Assortment

Answer 16

Segregation happens independently from other genes
- EX: one pair of alleles segregation doesn’t effect another pair

Question 17

Dihybrid cross

Answer 17

a punnet square with two hybrid parents with two genes each
-EX: BbRr each,
PHENOTYPES!!
9 outcomes- B_,R_
3 outcomes- bb,R_
3 outcomes- B_, rr
1 outcome- bb,rr

Question 18

What are mendels 4 principles

Answer 18

1. genes determine biological characteristics
2. alleles are dominant or recessive
3. there are 2 alleles for each gene
4. independent assortment- alleles from different genes segregate separate

Question 19

True or False- Mendels Principles are always true

Answer 19

FALSE!!!

Question 20

which of Mendel’s principles are not always true

Answer 20

• multiple alleles can be dominant, both alleles may be not dominant
• there can be more than 2 alleles
• more than one gene can code for one trait

Question 21

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 21

Alleles are not always completely dominant
- the alleles mix together (red + white = pink)

Question 22

Codominance

Answer 22

More than one allele is dominant
- the alleles splotch together

Question 23

Multiple Alleles

Answer 23

having 3 or more alleles for one gene, more than just two options
- no extra results, just less high probability for each one

Question 24

Polygenic trait

Answer 24

Multiple genes go into one trait
- hair color is effected by multiple different factors

Question 25

Rules of genetics apply to all organisms (t or f)

Answer 25

TRUE!!

Question 26

pedigree

Answer 26

map of family history homing in on a certain trait often to understand if it was recesssive or sex linked

Question 27

What are some occurrences in a pedigree that could point to either sex linked or recessive traits

Answer 27

if the gene skips a generation- recessive
if the gene is found in almost only male- sex linked

Question 28

How is the chromosome number passed on through generations

Answer 28

Each generation has the same number of chromosomes as the lastd

Question 29

diploid

Answer 29

When there are two of each chromosome, (46 chromosomes)

Question 30

haploid

Answer 30

a cell with only one of each chromosome (23 chromosomes)

Question 31

homologous

Answer 31

when there are two of each chromosome- this is what most cells (diploids) have

Question 32

Meiosis

Answer 32

The division of cells into 4 haploid (gametes) cells

Question 33

Meiosis 1

Answer 33

the first part of meiosis
-diploid cell with four chromatids of each chromosome number
- ends with two haploid cells with two chromatids per chromosomes

Question 34

Meiosis 11

Answer 34

the second part of meiosis resembling mitosis with 23 chromosomes instead of 46

Question 35

phases of meiosis 1

Answer 35

1. prophase, spindle forms, nuclear envelopes dissolve, chromosomes of the same number line up next to each other ( forming tetrads) and cross over
2. metaphase, tetrads line up in center of cell
3. anaphase, chromosomes are pulled apart from each other (chromatids are still together)
4. telophase- cell splits into two haploids

Question 36

phases of meiosis 11

Answer 36

EXACTLY THE SAME AS MITOSIS

Question 37

polar bodies

Answer 37

3 of the four gametes produced by meiosis in females are polar bodies, one large one is an egg cell

Question 38

Genes are linked together along chromosomes, their placement can be determined by …

Answer 38

Gene maps created from the way genes split up from each other during crossing over.

Question 39

tetrad

Answer 39

when chromosomes meet up in the middle of a cell during meta-phase 1