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KAMSC STUDY SEMESTER TWO > Bio 7 > Flashcards

Bio 7 Flashcards

1
Q

When was the cell discovered and by who?

A

in the 1600s (after the invention of the microscope), and by Robert Hooke

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2
Q

why were they named cells?

A

they looked like small chambers

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3
Q

With little know about cells, the cell theory was created, what was it?

A
  1. all living things are composed of cells
  2. cells are the basic unit
  3. new cells come from old cells
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4
Q

What are the different microscopes that can be used/ have been used to explore the cell?

A

light microscope
electron microscope
scanning tunnel microscope
scanning probe microscope

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5
Q

light microscope and compound light microscope

A

light passes through lenses to produce a magnified image
- compound light microscope: two lenses

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6
Q

Electron microscope

A

forms image of specimen using beam of ELECTRONS, placed in vacuum chamber
TWO TYPES:
- TEM (transmission electron microscope)
-SEM (scanning electron microscope)

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7
Q

TEM versus SEM

A

TEM: electron beam is aimed at a very small part of specimen coated in METAL IONS, reveals internal structure
SEM: coated in METAL and 3D image is formed

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8
Q

scanning tunneling microscope (STM)

A

can be used to study living creature, uses needle like probe to measure different things, this often means metal

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9
Q

What is the STM mainly used for?

A

looking at metal at an atomic level

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10
Q

What is the most common microscope?

A

The light microscope, it is the cheapest though still very expensive

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11
Q

Scanning Probe microscope

A

NEWEST, uses little probes that produce images by scanning surfaces, show REALLY SMALL things

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12
Q

Micrograph

A

Image made by microscope

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13
Q

Magnification

A

ability to make image appear larger (microscopes have magnification)

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14
Q

Resolution

A

Measure of clarity in an image (how clear is what I am seeing?)

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15
Q

Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts have a large surface area?

A

Because they are much more efficient. This also applies to most organelles in an organism.

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16
Q

Why do cells need to have a large surface area?

A

so that they are able to push out and take in substances quickly

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17
Q

Prokaryotes

A

A cell without a nucleus, can be a single celled organism like ameba
-they are small and adapt well

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18
Q

How did prokaryotes evolve into Eukaryotes? And what is this theory called?

A

(Endosymbiotic Theory)

Starts with two fused pros, then a photosynthetic pro fuses in.

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19
Q

Where is DNA found in Prokaryotes?

A

It is found as a single extremely long circular molecule in the cytoplasm, the region where it is is called the nucleoid

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20
Q

Eukaryotes

A

an organism whose cells have a nucleus
-plants animals fungi

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21
Q

Where is DNA found in Ekaryotes?

A

within the nucleus

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22
Q

Cilia versus Flagella

A

Cilia are hair like structures protruding from Eukaryotes, Flagella are thread like structures protruding from Prokaryotes.

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Framework of a cell
- many different microfilaments& microtubes

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24
Q

What is a Centriole? What could it be compared to?

A

There are generally two centrioles in a cell near the nucleus, they are made up of many microtubules

-Centrioles organize a cells division, for instance teachers help divide students into a class

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25
Q

microfilament versus microtube

A

filaments- flexible strands that help the cell to move
tubes- hollow tubes maintaining cell shape and transport things
- also form centrioles that organize the cells division

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26
Q

what are the three parts of a cytoskeleton?

A

microfilament, microtubes, and intermediate fibers

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27
Q

Cell membrane

A

outer (and sometimes inner) shell of the cell
-it determines what leaves/enters the cell

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28
Q

What is the make up of the cell membrane?

A

phospholipids- (phosphate group+two fatty acids) has a polar head& non polar tail
These create the lipid bilayers- (FOUNDATION), two phospholipids tail to tail
proteins are imbedded in these

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29
Q

What are the tiny different parts of a cell called?

A

organelles

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30
Q

Nucleus

A

At the center of a Eukaryote, it contains DNA and basically instructs the organelles

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31
Q

4 main parts of the nucleus

A

Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Pores
Nucleolus
Chromatin

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32
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

layer around nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm

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33
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Holes in the Nuclear envelope where RNA flows out of

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34
Q

Nucleolus

A

Dense area in the center of the nucleus where ribosomes can be partially assembled

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35
Q

Chromatin

A

granular material in the nucleus mixed of DNA bound to Proteins

-in cell division these strands become even more tightly bound, they become chromosomes

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36
Q

When a cell divides what happens to the Chromatin

A

It condenses to form chromosones

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37
Q

Ribosomes

A

Structures on which proteins are made from RNA

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38
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

They are found commonly on Endoplasmic Reticulum, free floating ribosomes are called free ribosomes

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39
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

A system of membranes that when it has ribosomes on it will add components to the proteins being made
When it is smooth the ER will generally make lipid components

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40
Q

Rough versus Smooth ER

A

Rough ER means that it has Ribosomes and is used to transport the proteins made by ribosomes
Smooth ER has no ribosomes and instead assembles lipids/ breaks down toxic substances

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41
Q

Vesicle

A

Tiny organelle used to transport substances

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42
Q

Where are proteins sent to be packaged/distributed?

A

Golgi Apparatus
-flattened membrane sacs that can serve as packaging and transportation

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43
Q

Lysosomes

A

The cleaners of the cells containing enzymes, they remove reuse old organelles/molecules

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44
Q

Vacuoles

A

More large saclike structures that are considered the storage for the cells, they are found in plant cells and animals cells

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45
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelles that harvest energy from food

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46
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Organelles that harvest energy from the sun (they have a green tint)
They use this energy to make carbohydrates from from carbon dioxide and water

-THESE ARE ONLY FOUND IN PLANT CELLS

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47
Q

What are the most common features of a cell?

A
  1. membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. Cytoskeleton
  4. Ribosome
  5. Genetic material
48
Q

What is possibly the ancestor of mitochondria?

A

Prokaryotes

49
Q

Cell Wall

A

structure surrounding the membrane that provides support, it is found in plant cells

50
Q

Central Vacuole versus Vaculoes

A

One is bigger than the others

51
Q

Cell Membrane versus Cell Wall

A

The Cell membrane is a less structured layer that regulates what enters/leaves the cell while the cell wall is porus but provides protection

52
Q

What is the lipid bilayer and how does it work?

A

This is what the membrane is often made of, it has two layer of lipids and is hard for molecules to get through
The heads of the lipids are polar and face outward, and tails of the lipids are non polar (hydrophobic) and face inwards

53
Q

what do Protein channels and carbohydrates in cell membrane do?

A

These are imbedded in the membrane, proteins pump material in and out and the carbs identify the materials

54
Q

What is concentration and how do you find it?

A

Concentration is the amount of solute in a solvent

mass of solute/volume of solvent

55
Q

Diffusion

A

the process of a solute spreading itself out in a solvent,

EX: if inside the cell there is a concentration of 1/10 and outside there is a concentration of 2/10 then the solute will try to move into the cell

56
Q

Why does Diffusion happen

A

It happens just because of probability, the solute moves around in the solvent and naturally more will end up moving into a lower concentration then those coming out of the concentration because the lower concentration has so few molecules

57
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

When there is equal concentration between any two areas, happens AFTER diffusion or osmosis

58
Q

Osmosis

A

A similar process to diffusion, it occurs when water molecules (often the solvent) spread themselves out to reach and equilibrium

59
Q

What will happen when to much water enters the cell through osmosis

A

The cell may burst, however, when it is a plant cell, the vacuole storing the water is often strong enough to stay together.

60
Q

Is a larger or smaller cell more effective

A

The smaller cell

61
Q

isotonic

A

after a dynamic equilibrium in reached, when there is an equal concentration on either side of the membrane

62
Q

hypertonic

A

the part of the solvent with less of the solute, ex: the cell was hypertonic so the water was sucked out of it through osmosis

63
Q

hypotonic

A

the part of the solvent with less of the solute, it has a lower osmotic pressure. A cell that is hypotonic will grow as water rushes in

64
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

when protein channels only fit certain proteins or molecules

65
Q

Some channel proteins act as pumps, one of the most important ones are ____

A

Sodium Potassium Pumps

66
Q

What do sodium-Potassium pumps do?

A

They give the cell a negative charge by pumping out 3 molecules of sodium , and only pumping in 2 molecules of potassium

67
Q

active transport

A

proteins that can move molecules often against the concentration gradient

68
Q

endocytosis

A

Process of taking molecules into the cell, this includes a vesicle.

69
Q

phagocytosis

A

Process of consuming certain molecules

70
Q

pinocytosis

A

The process of creating small vaculoes to store certain molecules

71
Q

exocytosis

A

The process of pushing certain molecules out of a cell, this uses a vesicle

72
Q

When water can pass through something, it is ___

A

Permeable

73
Q

What are the differences in organisms caused by?

A

Differences in the ways cells preform their tasks

74
Q

Unicellular versus Multicellular

A

Having just one cell (that adapts and responds like other organisms), or having many cells that work together to adapt and respond.

75
Q

Cell specialization

A

How cells begin to develop differently to preform different tasks

76
Q

What are some examples of cell specialization?

A

red blood cells (transport oxygen)
cells in the pancreas (produce proteins)
guard cells (monitor plants oxygen levels)

77
Q

How does cell specialization differ between plants and animals?

A

Animals need specialization for more biological processes, plants are more chemical

78
Q

What are the biological levels of organization?

A

Cells, tissue, organs, and organ systems

79
Q

Tissues

A

Clumps of similar cells doing the same processes but together.

80
Q

Organs

A

Groups of DIFFERENT types of tissues to do complex processes

81
Q

Organ systems

A

Groups of different organs, do more complex processes

82
Q

What kinds of organisms have cell specialization?

A

multicellular

83
Q

How are single celled organisms similar to multicellular organsims?

A

Single celled organisms adapt and respond to their environment in the same way

84
Q

What happens during diffusion?

A

A solute moves through a solvent randomly and inevitably ends up spreading out evenly, resulting in a dynamic equilibrium

85
Q

phagocytosis versus pinocytosis

A

Phagocytosis is the process of the cell engulfing/ repurposing old materials, pinocytosis is the process of creating small vacuoles for storing materials.

86
Q

What is the difference between and active transport and diffusion?

A

Active transport requires ENERGY, and is moving AGAINST concentration difference. Diffusion is a process that just happens naturally.

87
Q

in what type of organisms are chloroplasts found?

A

Plants

88
Q

What are the universal cell structures?
(there are 5)

A
  1. cell membrane (around the cell)
  2. cytoplasm (general interior of cell)
  3. cytoskeleton (structure/support of cell)
  4. ribosomes (builds proteins, workers)
  5. Genetic material (nucleus or nucleotide)
89
Q

nucleoid versus nucleus

A

nucleus is separated by nuclear envelope, nucleoid is in a cell without nucleus(prokaryotic), it is just a clump of genetic material.

90
Q

primary versus secondary cell wall

A

The primary cell wall is the first formed wall, over time it becomes the secondary cell wall.

91
Q

what happens as the cell wall becomes secondary

A

it becomes rigid and thick

92
Q

What are the main differences between an animal and plant cell.

A

The cell wall, the vacuoles, the centrioles, and the chloroplast.

93
Q

Why do plant cells often have one large vacuole?

A

As plant cell mature the vacuoles grow and fuse into just one.
these are often filled with water

94
Q

What are the parts of a vacuole?

A

The insides: often chemicals or water
Crystals: solid substances give flowers pigment
Tonoplast: around the vacuole

95
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

Chloroplasts, which are only found in plant cells, cause the plant to be green and help with the process of photosynthesis

96
Q

Luecoplast versus chromoplasts

A

Luecoplasts store proteins, starches and lipids while chromoplasts produce and store pigments that impact color

97
Q

chloroplast versus chromoplast

A

Chromoplasts, like Luecoplasts, store things, Chloroplasts are similar to mitochondria and convert light energy into chemical energy

98
Q

where were ribosomes assembled?

A

nucleolus

99
Q

What are the common purposes of protein channels?

A

pass messages, transport enzymes, transport proteins

100
Q

how are vesicles formed?

A

they are formed with cell membranes

101
Q

Are plant or animal cells cooler?

A

plant cells

102
Q

Why is the central vacuole of a plant cell so important?

A

It is what causes plants to grow, and it is almost impossible to pop because of the tonoplast that surrounds it.

103
Q

passive versus active transport

A

a passive transport requires no energy, active needs energy

104
Q

What is the concentration gradiant?

A

The difference in concentration throughout a solvent, often forms a gradient

105
Q

Should you say equilibrium or dynamic equilibrium?

A

DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

106
Q

If a cell is placed in water and there is a stronger concentration of salt inside that cell, AND the membrane is only preamble to water, what will happen.

A

Water will mover towards the high concentration, this is hypotonic.

107
Q

Why do active transports increase the concentration gradient?

A

by increasing the concentration gradient they store and invest energy, when the cell needs energy, the protein channel will open up and energy will be gathered by the sudden flow of the solute.

108
Q

Receptor Protein

A

A protein that binds to a specific signal molecule enabling the cell to respond to the signal

109
Q

What are the functions of a receptor protein

A
  • cause changes in permeability of cell membrane
  • trigger messengers formation within cell
  • Activate enzymes
110
Q

Ion Channel

A

a protein channel made specifically for an ion

111
Q

Carrier Protein

A

A form of active transport that carries a substance across a membrane

112
Q

Proton Pump

A

Similar to the Sodium/potassium pump, the proton pump moves protons across the cell membrane (it is a form of active transport)
-This uses H+ ions

113
Q

What is an epithelial tissue?
What are the different types and how can they be arranged?

A

Epithelial tissues can be
-squamous- short and squished
-cuboidal- cube shaped
-columnar- taller

-can be arranged simple, stratified, or psuedostratified

114
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal- moves skeleton
smooth- internal movement
cardiac- heart

115
Q

Connective tissue

A

There are many types:
- loose (under skin)
- Adipose (blood)
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Fibrous- ligament

116
Q

Nueral Tissue

A

It is irritable (receives stimuli) and conductive (passes on stimuli)

117
Q

Who created the parts cell theory

A

hooke- basic unit of life
Schledien- animals are made of cells
Schwan- plants are made of cells
virchow- old cells come from new cells

KAMSC STUDY SEMESTER TWO (11 decks)

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