Bio 3 - I (continued notes from the IRL flashcards)

Question 1

gene expression

Answer 1

The process in which gene are transcribed into RNA molecules, which is then transformed into mRNA and translated into proteins(amino acids form)l. Essentially genotype to phenotype

Question 2

codons

Answer 2

When translating the mRNA into proteins, the ribosomes in the cytoplasm read the bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, uracil) in the form of codons (three bases). For example, AGU, ACU, this is how it is read. There are a total of 64 codons for a total of 20 amino acids, meaning different codons may represent the same amino acid.

Question 3

Start codons vs. end codon

Answer 3

Some codons in the mRNA don’t code for anything, but instead tell when the ribosome should start translating and end translating. The start codon is AUG, and the end codons is UAA, UGA, or UAG

Question 4

What is the genetic code?

Answer 4

It tells the ribosome which codon corresponds to what amino acid

Question 5

After translation, how is the protein built?

Answer 5

tRNA takes the correct amino acids using the genetic code, and builds the new protein

Question 6

What are the three steps for translation?

Answer 6

Initiation, elongation, and termination

Question 7

Initiation

Answer 7

In this process, this is when the ribosome finds the start codon(AUG) and then binds to the mRNA, and then the tRNA puts the anticodon for the start codon along with the amino acid (methionine), and then the large protein comes and attaches to the small protein

Question 8

tRNA

Answer 8

a group of complementary nucleotide that also have attached an amino acids that is appropriate for the pairing.

Question 9

What happens during elongation?

Answer 9

This is when a covalent bond is formed when the second tRNA nucleotide is attached to the first, and the amino acids make a covalent bond, in which they share electron(s).

Question 10

What is ribosomes role throughout this process?

Answer 10

Ribosome makes sure that the tRNA and the mRNA are properly and appropriately binded, and continue to move right in order to bond the complete protein made up of amino acids

Question 11

What are proteins made up of?

Answer 11

Amino acids

Question 12

What happens when the ribosome reaches the stop codon?

Answer 12

This is UAA, UGA, or UAG, and because of this, the ribosome gets the release factor protein in order to release the bonds between the mRNA and the tRNA, maintaining the bonds for the polypeptide.

Question 13

Release factor protein

Answer 13

Used to stop the sequence once hit the stop codon

Question 14

rRNA

Answer 14

component of ribosomes(this is all you need to know just memorize this)

Question 15

Translation Errors

Answer 15

This can be a removable, substitution, or addition mutation (of a base of DNA). Because of this, the transcription process could mess up the mRNA, and when doing tRNA with each nucleotide, it can lead to a completely new protein(because of one nucleotide mess up)

Question 16

Gene Regulation

Answer 16

Allows the cell to have power regarding which genes should be more expressed based on changes in the cell’s internal and external environment (either sped up or slowed down)

Question 17

What are the five different control points used in order to do gene regulation?

Answer 17

DNA packing, regulation of transcription, breakdown of mRNA, regulation of translation, regulation after translation