BIO 101 Exam 3 Review Flashcards
How many chemical bonds does one glucose molecule has?
24 chemical bonds
Glucose molecules are bonded into larger units called starch or glycogen
Energy needs for living things
Mechanical work Electrical work Active transport Bioluminescence Heat Biosynthesis
Glucose
The major form of stored chemical energy in living organisms
Stored in plants as starch; stored in animals as glycogen
Cellular respiration
Th process by which cells produce ATP
Chemical bonds of glucose are broken and the energy in them transferred to ATP
Occurs in all body cells
Laws of thermodynamics
- Total energy is neither lost nor gained during energy transformations
- Spontaneous energy transformation always involve a decrease in useful energy of the system and an increase in useless energy (entropy) of the surrounding
Why is diffusion a spontaneous process?
Because it leads to more disorder
Why is the synthesis of starch from glucose not spontaneous?
Because it leads to more order
Endergonic process
Not spontaneous
It is work and requires an input of energy
Exergonic process
Do not require energy. Releases potential energy and will occur spontaneously under the proper circumstances. I.e, breakdown of ATP to ADP.
Entropy
a measure of the amount of disorder in a system. This is useless energy; it can’t accomplish work
Breakdown of ATP to ADP
When ATP breaks down to ADP + Pi (phosphate group), 8 kilocalories of energy is released
Phosphorylation
The addition of a phosphate group to an organic compound such as ADP
Dephosphorylation
The removal of a phosphate group from an organic compound such as when ATP breaks down into ADP + Pi
Reduction in terms of useful energy
The gain of an electron(s)
Oxidation in terms of useful energy
The loss of an electron
Respiration
Occurs partly in the cytoplasm and partly in the mitochondria
Fermentation
An anaerobic process through which ATP is produced.
It is less efficient compared to aerobic respiration.
It does not require oxygen gas.
Steps involved in Fermentation
Glycolysis and one or two additional enzyme-catalyzed steps