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Biology > BIO 101 Exam 3 Review > Flashcards

BIO 101 Exam 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

How many chemical bonds does one glucose molecule has?

A

24 chemical bonds

Glucose molecules are bonded into larger units called starch or glycogen

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2
Q

Energy needs for living things

A 
Mechanical work
Electrical work 
Active transport
Bioluminescence
Heat
Biosynthesis
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3
Q

Glucose

A

The major form of stored chemical energy in living organisms

Stored in plants as starch; stored in animals as glycogen

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4
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Th process by which cells produce ATP
Chemical bonds of glucose are broken and the energy in them transferred to ATP
Occurs in all body cells

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5
Q

Laws of thermodynamics

A
  1. Total energy is neither lost nor gained during energy transformations
  2. Spontaneous energy transformation always involve a decrease in useful energy of the system and an increase in useless energy (entropy) of the surrounding
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6
Q

Why is diffusion a spontaneous process?

A

Because it leads to more disorder

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7
Q

Why is the synthesis of starch from glucose not spontaneous?

A

Because it leads to more order

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8
Q

Endergonic process

A

Not spontaneous

It is work and requires an input of energy

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9
Q

Exergonic process

A

Do not require energy. Releases potential energy and will occur spontaneously under the proper circumstances. I.e, breakdown of ATP to ADP.

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10
Q

Entropy

A

a measure of the amount of disorder in a system. This is useless energy; it can’t accomplish work

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11
Q

Breakdown of ATP to ADP

A

When ATP breaks down to ADP + Pi (phosphate group), 8 kilocalories of energy is released

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12
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The addition of a phosphate group to an organic compound such as ADP

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13
Q

Dephosphorylation

A

The removal of a phosphate group from an organic compound such as when ATP breaks down into ADP + Pi

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14
Q

Reduction in terms of useful energy

A

The gain of an electron(s)

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15
Q

Oxidation in terms of useful energy

A

The loss of an electron

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16
Q

Respiration

A

Occurs partly in the cytoplasm and partly in the mitochondria

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17
Q

Fermentation

A

An anaerobic process through which ATP is produced.
It is less efficient compared to aerobic respiration.
It does not require oxygen gas.

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18
Q

Steps involved in Fermentation

A

Glycolysis and one or two additional enzyme-catalyzed steps

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19
Q

Steps in aerobic respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle)
  3. Electron Transport Chain
20
Q

Glycolysis

A

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate

It occurs in the cytosol and does not require energy. Produces 2 ATPs

21
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria, may be contingent upon the presence of oxygen.
Produces 2 ATPs

22
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria. Absolutely requires O2 to operate and produces 32 - 34 ATPs. This process is called chemiosmosis

23
Q

The process of Glycolysis

A

The production of 2 pyruvates as a result of the breakdown of one glucose molecule results in the release of energy that phosphorylates 2 ADPs to 2 ATPs.

24
Q

Decarboxylation

A

The process by which carbon is removed in the form of CO2 during the conversion of C3 to C2 in the Electron Transport chain.

25
Q

Citrate

A

The combining of C4 with C2 to form a C6 compound

26
Q

What happens to NAD+ and FAD when they accept hydrogens during EAC?

A

They become reduced to NADH+ H+ and FADH2 which enters the cytochrome system

27
Q

What happens when molecules of NADH+H+ and FADH2 transfer hydrogen atoms to the cytochromes?

A

They are oxidized to NAD+ and FAD

28
Q

In breaking down lipids to provide energy, what happens?

A

Lipids - fatty acids + glycerol
Fatty acids are broken down into two carbon units which is converted into acetyl-CoA and fed into the citric acid cycle. Glycerol is converted into another C3 compound which enters glycolysis.

29
Q

Deamination

A

The removal of the -NH2 (amino group) as ammonia. It permits the C2+C3 fragments to enter the Citric Acid Cycle

30
Q

How is the body designed to process starch, carbohydrates and fats for energy?

A

carbohydrates, fats, protein. The last type of molecule used for energy would be protein and would be harmful

31
Q

Why are lipids more energy rich than carbohydrates?

A

Lipids are more reduced than carbohydrates, i.e., they have more hydrogen per carbon atom

32
Q

Ectothermic

A

Cold-blooded organism

33
Q

What would be the effect of increase or decrease on the activities of frogs, fishes, trees?

A

A temperature increase would increase the activity of all. The reverse would be true for a temperature decrease.

34
Q

Homeothermic

A

Warm-blooded (mammals and birds). Uses heat lost by cellular respiration to regulate their own temperature

35
Q

How does the temperature of mammals and birds compare with the surrounding environment?

A

May be different, they maintain a relatively constant body temperature that may be either higher or lower than the temperature of their environment

36
Q

What is hibernation?

A

Periods of very low metabolic rate

37
Q

Phases of photosynthesis

A

Light dependent phase - carried out in the membrane structures of the thylakoids.

Light independent phase - believed to occur in the stroma

38
Q

What advantage is there to physical separation of the light dependent and light independent phases of photosynthesis?

A

The separation allows light capture and the machinery associated with it to be separated from the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose.

39
Q

In what ways are membranes useful in performing complex biochemical reaction?

A

Membranes provide an attachment surface for molecules so that specific enzymes, pigments, or electron carrier molecules can be arranged in specific order along a membrane.

40
Q

Which wavelengths are best absorbed by chlorophyll?

A

Waves 400 to 500 nanometers in length (violet-blue) and waves 625 to 700 nanometers in length (orange-red).

41
Q

What agent initially captures the sunlight (radiant) energy?

A

Electron of chlorophyll molecule

42
Q

How is captured energy in photosynthesis used to form NADPH+H^+?

A

Two “excited” electrons (two photons of light are required) from chlorophyll along with two hydrogen ions(created from the photolysis of water) are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH + H+.

43
Q

What is photolysis?

A

Photolysis is the splitting of the water molecule into hydrogen ions (protons), electrons, and oxygen gas.

44
Q

What is the relationship between light energy and photolysis?

A

Light energy is required for photolysis.

45
Q

How is light energy involved in creating a high H^+ concentration inside the thylakoid discs?

A

As the “excited” electrons created by photons move from one carrier molecule to the next along the thylakoid membrane, the energy that is released is used to pump protons (H ions) into the thylakoid space.

46
Q

The protein gradient is used to generate______

A

ATP

47
Q

The two energy rich products that are present at the end of the light reaction are_____and____

A

ATP and NADPH + H+

Biology (8 decks)

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