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Biology > BIO 101 - chapter 2 > Flashcards

BIO 101 - chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Element

A

A pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other substances. Examples: oxygen (O), carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), sodium (Na), hydrogen (H).

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2
Q

Bulk Elements

A

Elements required in large amounts because they make up the vast majority of every living cell.

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3
Q

4 most abundant bulk elements in life

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen.

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4
Q

Minerals

A

Essential elements other than C,H,O,N

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5
Q

Trace elements

A

Required in small amounts

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6
Q

Goiter

A

Enlarged thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency in diet.

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7
Q

Anemia

A

Deficiency in ion(Fe) - required by blood carry oxygen to the body’s tissues.

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8
Q

Atom

A

Smallest possible piece of an element that contains characteristics of that element.

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9
Q

Composition of an atom

A

Protons (positively charged)
Neutrons (not charged)
Protons and neutrons form a nucleus
The nucleus is surrounded by negatively charged electrons.

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10
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in an element

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11
Q

Uranium

A

Has 92 protons.

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12
Q

Electrically neutral

A

When the number of protons equal the number of electrons (no net charge).

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13
Q

Ion

A

Atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained electrons giving it an electrical charge.

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14
Q

Common positively charged ions (cations)

A

Hydrogen (H+)
Sodium (Na+)
Potassium ( K+)

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15
Q

Common negatively charged ions

A

Hydroxide (OH-)

Chloride (CI-)

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16
Q

Some biological processes of ion

A

Message transmission to the nervous system.

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17
Q

Atomic mass number

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

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18
Q

Isotope

A

Any of the forms of elements each having a different number of neutrons in the nucleus.

Many known isotopes are unstable and radioactive

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19
Q

Atomic mass

A

Average weight of all isotopes

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20
Q

Radio active isotopes

A

Emit energy as rays or particles when they are broken down into more stable form

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21
Q

Half life

A

The time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample to emit radiation or decay to a more stable form.

22
Q

Compound

A

Molecules composed of two or more elements.

Ex: water (H20, nitric oxide)

23
Q

Energy cell

A

A group of electron orbitals that share the same energy level

24
Q

Orbital

A

The most likely position of an electron relative to its nucleus

25
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost occupied energy cell of an atom

Atoms are more stable when full

26
Q

Chemical bond

A

Attracting force that holds atoms together - either by sharing, stealing, or donating electrons.

27
Q

Covalent bonds

A

2 atoms share electrons.
Shared electrons travel around both nuclei, strongly connecting the atoms together
Eg: water h20 and methane ch4

28
Q

Methane (CH4)

A

1 carbon and 4 hydrogen

29
Q

Electronegativity

A

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons

30
Q

Non-polar covalent bond

A

Both atoms exert approximately equal pull on their shared electrons

31
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

One nucleus exerts a much stronger pull on shared electrons

32
Q

Ionic bond

A

One atom transfers electrons to another atom

33
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Weak chemical bond between opposit partial charges on two molecules or within one large molecule

34
Q

Cohesion

A

A property of water

The tendency of water molecules to stick together.

35
Q

Adhesion

A

Another property of water - the tendency to form hydrogen bonds with other substances. Eg. water from roots to leaves.

36
Q

Why is water essential to life?

A

Cohesion

Adhesion

Many substances dissolve in water - eg. water molecules suuround each ion in salt individually, seperating them from one another. Hence, the apparent disapearance of salt in water.

It regulates temperature

It expands as it freezes

37
Q

Solvent

A

A chemical in which other substances dissolve, forming a solution

38
Q

Two categories of water

A

Hydrophilic - attracted to water (sugar, salt, ion)

Hydrophobic - repelled by water (grease)

39
Q

Acid

A

A molecule that releases hydrogen ions into a solution, making the concentration of H+ ions exceed the concentration of OH- (i.e., hydrochloric acid: HCI)

40
Q

Base

A

a molecule that either releases hydroxide ions into a solution or removes hydrogen ions from it

41
Q

pH scale

A

a measurement of how acidic or basic a solution is

42
Q

How do the values of 0, 7, 14 relate to the pH scale

A

0 - strong acid
7 - neutral
14 - strong base

43
Q

Buffer Systems

A

Pairs of weak acids and bases that resist pH changes.

44
Q

Carbonic acid

A

One of several buffers that maintain the pH of blood at about 7.4

45
Q

Organic molecules

A

Chemical compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen.

Generates life’s form and function

46
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Organic molecules consisting almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen

47
Q

Four most abundant type of organic molecules in organisms

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, Nucleic acids

48
Q

Buffer Systems

A

Pairs of weak acids and bases that resist pH changes.

49
Q

Carbonic acid

A

One of several buffers that maintain the pH of blood at about 7.4

50
Q

Organic molecules

A

Chemical compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen.

Generates life’s form and function

51
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Organic molecules consisting almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen

52
Q

Four most abundant type of organic molecules in organisms

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, Nucleic acids

Biology (8 decks)

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