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BIO 101 Chapter 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Robert Hook

A

First person to see the outline of sales and first to develop a microscope

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2
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Robert Brown

A

Scottish surgeon; identified Neuclues

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3
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Cytoplasm

A

A watery mixture that occupies most of a cell’s volume. In eukaryotic cells, it consists of all materials, including organelles, between the nuclear envelope and the cell membrane

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4
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Cell Theory

A

the idea that all living things consists of cells, cells are structural and functional units of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells

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5
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Modern cell theory

A

Adds the ideas that all sales have the same basic chemical composition, use energy ,and contain DNA that is duplicated and passed on us each cell divides

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6
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Light microscope

A

Generates true color views. Lights must pass through an object to reveal its internal features

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7
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Two types of light microscopes

A

Compound and confocal microscope

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8
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Compound microscope

A

uses two or more lenses to focus visible light through a specimen

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9
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Confocal microscope

A

Enhances resolution by focusing white or laser light through a lens to the object

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10
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Transmission electron microscope

A

sends a small beam of electrons through a very thing slice off a specimen, using a magnetic field rather than a glass lens to focus the beam

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11
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

features Common to all cells

A

DNA, RNA, Ribosomes, Proteins, Cytoplasm, lipid-rich cell membrane, Small size

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12
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

DNA

A

The cell’s genetic information

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13
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

RNA

A

participates in the production of proteins

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14
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Ribosomes

A

Structures that manufacture proteins; Where mRNA anchors during protein synthesis; made up of RNA and some proteins; not surrounded by a membrane

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15
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Proteins

A

Carry out all of the cell’s work from orchestrating reproduction to processing energy to regulating what enters and leaves the cell

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16
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid that occupies much of the volume of the cell; contains water mixture of ions, enzymes, RNA, and other dissolved substances

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17
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Cell membrane

A

Forms a boundary between the cell and its environment

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18
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Relationship between surface area and volume

A

As an object grows, its volume increases much faster than its surface area; hence a cells smaller size increases its surface area

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19
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Adaptations that increase surface area to volume ratio in cells

A

Long nerve cells; but extremely thin; Flattened shape of red blood cells

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20
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Bacteria

A

Most abundant and diverse organisms on Earth; Cell’s circular DNA congregates in the nucleoid; Protected by a rigid cell wall; Uses flagella (tail) to swim in fluids

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21
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Archaea

A

Superficial resemblance to bacteria; Build their cells out of biochemicals different than those in bacteria or eukaryotes; Possesses unique phospholipids, flagella and cell walls but ribosomes are similar to eukaryotes than bacteria

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22
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Methanogenes

A

Members of Archae; Microbes that use carbon dioxide and hydrogen from the environment to produce methane.

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23
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Eukarya

A

Animals, Yeasts, mushrooms, fungi, and Amoeba

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24
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Differences between Eukaryotic cells and others

A

Cytoplasm is divided into organelles; bigger in size; Absence of chloroplast (plant cells has chloroplast)

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25
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Organelles

A

compartments that carry out specialized functions; Contributes to efficient functionality of biochemicals and structures by keeping them close; Keeps potentially harmful substances away from other cells; Saves energy

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26
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Cell Membrane

A

Composed of phospholipids; Often called fluid mosaic because many of the proteins and phospholipids are free to move laterally within the bilayer

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27
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Phospholipids

A

Organic molecules; Glycerol bonds to only two fatty acids, the third carbon binds to a phosphate group attached to additional atoms

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28
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Chemical structure of phospholipids

A

Hydrophilic (‘phosphate head’) and hydrophobic (‘fatty acid tail’) creating a phospholipid bilayer

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29
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Membrane proteins

A

Transport proteins, Enzymes, Recognition proteins, Adhesion Proteins, Receptor Proteins, and Transport proteins

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30
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Enzymes

A

Facilitate chemical reaction

31
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Recognition proteins

A

Carbohydrates attached to cell surface proteins; serve as ‘name tags’ that help the body recognize it’s own cells

32
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Adhesion proteins

A

enable cells to stick to one another

33
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Receptor proteins

A

Bind to molecules outside the cell and trigger a reaction inside the cell

34
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Endomembrane System

A

Consists of several interacting organelles; exchange materials in transport vesicles.

35
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Vesicles

A

Transport materials into a cell

36
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA; Separated from the rest of the cell by a membrane; It’s function is to control cellular activities

37
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Nuclear pores

A

holes in the nucleus through which mRNA molecules exit the nucleus with genetic information

38
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Cytoskeleton

A

Framework of protein rods and tubules in eukaryotic cells; Provides structural support necessary to maintain the cell’s three-dimensional shape; Enables cells or parts of a cell to move; Helps to connect cells to one another

39
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Three major components of cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments; Intermediate filaments; microtubules

40
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

A network of sacs and tubules composed of membranes; Extends from the nuclear envelope; Consists of smooth ER and Rough ER

41
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stack of flat membrane enclosed sacks; Acts as a processing center; Proteins from the ER pass through the series of Golgi sacs; Sorts and packages materials into vesicles for transport;

42
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Smooth ER

A

Area of Lipid synthesis; does not have ribosomes associated with it

43
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Rough ER

A

Area where secreted proteins are synthesized; Contains ribosomes

44
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Lysosomes

A

Organelles containing enzymes that dismantle and recycle food particles, captured bacteria, worn out organelles, and debris; Enzymes inside Lysosomes breakdown large organic molecules into smaller subunits

45
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

What keeps Lysosomes from digesting entire cells?

A

Lysosomes’ membrane maintain a pH of the organelles interior at about 4.8, much more acidic than the neutral pH of the rest of the cytoplasm. If one lysosome is to burst, the liberated enzymes will not be at their optimum pH, thus unable to digest the rest of the cell

46
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Tay-Sachs disease

A

defective lysosome enzymes allows a lipid to accumulate to toxic levels in nerve cells of the brain. Affects nervous system (sight, hearing, movement)

47
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Vacuoles

A

Serve the same function as lysosomes in plants

48
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Peroxisomes

A

Contained in all eukaryotic cells; contains different enzymes that dispose of toxic substances; Originates from the ER; Protein crystals form due to high enzyme concentrations levels

49
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Chloroplast

A

Organelle housing the reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells

50
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Chlorophyll

A

Green pigment that plants and algae use to harness the energy in sunlight; Embedded in Thylakoids

51
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Mytochondria

A

Organelles that use a process called cellular respiration to extract energy from food; Inherited from female parent in most mammals

52
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Similarities between chloroplast and mitochondria

A

Both have their own DNA and ribosomes; Both surrounded by double membranes; Provide clues to the origins of eukaryotic cells

53
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Cell walls

A

Shape, regulate cell volume, prevent bursting when a cell takes too much water

54
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Plasmodesmata

A

Channels that connect adjacent plant cells

55
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Animal Cells

A

Lack cell wall; Secretes a complex extracellular matrix that holds them together and coordinate many aspect of cellular life

56
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

extracellular matrix

A

Nonliving substances that surround animal cells; includes ground substances and fibers

57
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Animal Cell Connections

A

Tight junctions fuse neighboring cell membranes.; Anchoring junctions form spot wields; Gap junctions allow small molecules to move between adjacent cells.

58
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Protoplasm

A

The living contents of a cell surrounded by a plasma membrane

59
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Chromatin

A

Made up of DNA and protein ; They contain the information which controls heredity and the activity of the cell; During cell division the chromatin condenses into chromosomes.

60
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Nucleolus

A

composed of both nucleic acid and protein, gives rise to ribosome

61
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

nucleoplasm

A

The cellular material within the nucleus

62
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Cilia and Flagella

A

composed of microtubules in a specific arrangement; They are responsible for mobility of the cell or for movement of materials past the cell

63
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Vacuoles

A

fluid filled bags, surrounded by a membrane; occupies much of the interior of a plant cell; stores wastes and foods as well as playing a major role in maintaining the turgidity of the plant cell

64
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Inclusions

A

Inactive materials in the cytoplasm; often storage molecules

65
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Kingdoms in which organisms are made up of eukaryotic cells

A

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

66
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Features in eukaryotic cells not found in bacterial cells

A

There are no membrane-bound organelles found in bacteria. Thus, bacteria do not have ER, mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi apparatus, or lysosomes

67
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

68
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Molecules of the cell membrane

A

Lipids (phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol); proteins(and glycoproteins)

69
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

glycoproteins

A

serve the cell by recognizing and communicating with other cells

70
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Microvilli

A

small outpocketings of the cell membrane and increase the surface area of the membrane

71
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Isotonic

A

means the same as; same; same; no net movement; no effect on cell

72
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Hypotonic

A

means less than; less concentrated; more concentrated; net movement of water into cell; causes increase in size of cell and may cause death by bursting of the cell if there is no protective cell wall.

73
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Hypertonic

A

means more than; more concentrated; less concentrated; net movement of water is out of cell; causes decrease in size of cell and may cause death by dehydration

74
Q

BIO 101 - Chapter 3 Review

Centrioles

A

made up of microtubules; located near the nucleus and are involved in movement of the chromosomes during cell division

Biology (8 decks)

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