Betty Neuman Flashcards
Betty Neuman
Neuman’s Systems Model
- The model views a person as an open system that responds to stressors in the environment
- emphasizes the interaction between physical, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual elements.
Neuman’s Systems Model
A system is open when “there is a continuous flow of input and process, output, and feedback.”
Open System
- Clients are viewed as wholes whose parts are in dynamic interaction.
- physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual.
Wholistic Approach
— matter, energy, and information that are exchanged between the client and the environment
Input and Output
— exchanges “energy with the environment as well as other parts and subparts of the system” as it uses available energy resources “to move toward stability and wholeness”.
Function or Process
system output in the form of “matter, energy, and information serves as feedback for future input” “for corrective action to change, enhance, or stabilize the system”
Feedback
“A process of energy conservation that increases organization and complexity, moving the system toward stability at a higher degree of wellness”
Negentropy
— process of energy depletion and disorganization moving the system toward illness or possible death.
Entropy
comprises those basic survival factors common to human beings. These factors include the system variables, genetic features, and strengths and
weaknesses of the system parts.
basic structure or central core,
“desirable state of balance in which energy exchanges can take place without disruption of the character of the system,” which points toward optimal health.
Stability
- model’s outer broken ring.
- 1st protective mechanism.
- A protective buffer for preventing stressors from breaking through the usual wellness state
- provides greater short-term protection against stressor invasion
Flexible Line of Defense
- model’s outer solid circle.
- An adaptational level of health considered normal for a particular individual client or system; it becomes a standard for wellness-deviance determination.
Normal Line of Defense
- A series of broken rings surrounding the basic core structure
- Protection factors are activated when stressors have penetrated the normal line of defense,
Lines of Resistance
3 Levels of Intervention
- Primary Prevention
- Secondary Prevention
- Tertiary Prevention
— Used when a stressor is suspected
or identified.
— “A reaction has not yet occurred,”
but the degree of risk is known.
— The purpose is to reduce the
possibility of encounter with the
stressor or to decrease the possibility
of a reaction.
Primary Prevention
— Involves interventions or
treatment
— The client’s internal and
external resources are used to
strengthen internal lines of
resistance, reduce the reaction,
and increase resistance factors.
Secondary Prevention
— Occurs after the active
treatment
— Focuses on readjustment toward
optimal client system stability.
— Goal is to maintain optimal
wellness by preventing recurrence
of reaction or regression.
Tertiary Prevention
tension-producing stimuli outcome that may be positive or negative.
Stressors
occurring within the individual (anxiety, negative self talk)
Intrapersonal forces
occurring between one or more
individuals (role expectations, peer pressure, social rejection)
Interpersonal forces
occurring outside the individual
(financial circumstances, noisy polluted area, job insecurity)
Extrapersonal forces
“The ________________ represents system instability that occurs when stressors invade the normal line of defense”.
Degree of Reaction
The person may begin to exhibit a
degree of reaction, such as:
- Physical symptoms: Insomnia,
headaches, or stomach problems. - Emotional instability: Anxiety,
depression, or irritability. - Behavioral changes: Withdrawal
from social interactions,
increased use of alcohol or other
substances.
“It represents return of the system to stability”
Reconstitution
: individual adopts new healthy behaviors compared to their pre-accident state.
Higher level of wellness
Their system has stabilized with lasting impacts on physical and mental health.
Lower level of wellness
