Betty Neuman

Question 1

Betty Neuman

Answer 1

Neuman’s Systems Model

Question 2

• The model views a person as an open system that responds to stressors in the environment
• emphasizes the interaction between physical, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual elements.

Answer 2

Neuman’s Systems Model

Question 3

A system is open when “there is a continuous flow of input and process, output, and feedback.”

Answer 3

Open System

Question 3

• Clients are viewed as wholes whose parts are in dynamic interaction.
• physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual.

Answer 3

Wholistic Approach

Question 4

— matter, energy, and information that are exchanged between the client and the environment

Answer 4

Input and Output

Question 5

— exchanges “energy with the environment as well as other parts and subparts of the system” as it uses available energy resources “to move toward stability and wholeness”.

Answer 5

Function or Process

Question 6

system output in the form of “matter, energy, and information serves as feedback for future input” “for corrective action to change, enhance, or stabilize the system”

Answer 6

Feedback

Question 7

“A process of energy conservation that increases organization and complexity, moving the system toward stability at a higher degree of wellness”

Answer 7

Negentropy

Question 8

— process of energy depletion and disorganization moving the system toward illness or possible death.

Answer 8

Entropy

Question 9

comprises those basic survival factors common to human beings. These factors include the system variables, genetic features, and strengths and
weaknesses of the system parts.

Answer 9

basic structure or central core,

Question 9

“desirable state of balance in which energy exchanges can take place without disruption of the character of the system,” which points toward optimal health.

Answer 9

Stability

Question 10

• model’s outer broken ring.
• 1st protective mechanism.
• A protective buffer for preventing stressors from breaking through the usual wellness state
• provides greater short-term protection against stressor invasion

Answer 10

Flexible Line of Defense

Question 11

• model’s outer solid circle.
• An adaptational level of health considered normal for a particular individual client or system; it becomes a standard for wellness-deviance determination.

Answer 11

Normal Line of Defense

Question 12

• A series of broken rings surrounding the basic core structure
• Protection factors are activated when stressors have penetrated the normal line of defense,

Answer 12

Lines of Resistance

Question 12

3 Levels of Intervention

Answer 12

• Primary Prevention
• Secondary Prevention
• Tertiary Prevention

Question 13

— Used when a stressor is suspected
or identified.
— “A reaction has not yet occurred,”
but the degree of risk is known.
— The purpose is to reduce the
possibility of encounter with the
stressor or to decrease the possibility
of a reaction.

Answer 13

Primary Prevention

Question 14

— Involves interventions or
treatment
— The client’s internal and
external resources are used to
strengthen internal lines of
resistance, reduce the reaction,
and increase resistance factors.

Answer 14

Secondary Prevention

Question 15

— Occurs after the active
treatment
— Focuses on readjustment toward
optimal client system stability.
— Goal is to maintain optimal
wellness by preventing recurrence
of reaction or regression.

Answer 15

Tertiary Prevention

Question 16

tension-producing stimuli outcome that may be positive or negative.

Answer 16

Stressors

Question 17

occurring within the individual (anxiety, negative self talk)

Answer 17

Intrapersonal forces

Question 18

occurring between one or more
individuals (role expectations, peer pressure, social rejection)

Answer 18

Interpersonal forces

Question 19

occurring outside the individual
(financial circumstances, noisy polluted area, job insecurity)

Answer 19

Extrapersonal forces

Question 20

“The ________________ represents system instability that occurs when stressors invade the normal line of defense”.

Answer 20

Degree of Reaction

Question 21

The person may begin to exhibit a
degree of reaction, such as:

Answer 21

• Physical symptoms: Insomnia,
  headaches, or stomach problems.
• Emotional instability: Anxiety,
  depression, or irritability.
• Behavioral changes: Withdrawal
  from social interactions,
  increased use of alcohol or other
  substances.

Question 22

“It represents return of the system to stability”

Answer 22

Reconstitution

Question 23

: individual adopts new healthy behaviors compared to their pre-accident state.

Answer 23

Higher level of wellness

Question 24

Their system has stabilized with lasting impacts on physical and mental health.

Answer 24

Lower level of wellness