BEO160829 RSO Flashcards
1
Q
What factors affect radiations ability to penetrate?
A
* Type of radiation (Alpha / Beta / Gamma)
* Radiation energy
* Density of the absorbing material
2
Q
_____ _____ or Beta + decay, is a type of radioactive decay a proton inside a radionuclide nucleus is converted into a neutron while releasing a POSITRON and an electron neutrino (νe).
A
Positron Decay
3
Q
_____ X-rays occur when an electron collides with orbital electrons instead of the nucleus.
A
Characteristic
4
Q
What federal regulation requires that each licensee shall develop, document, and implement a radiation protection program?
A
10 CFR 20.1101
5
Q
What are the categories of PROBABILITY?
A
* Frequent
* Likely
* Occaisional
* Seldom
* Unlikely
6
Q
The _____ _____ is the area of the target bombarded by the electrons and is the logical point to begin distance measurements.
A
Focal Point
7
Q
The _____ ____ _____ is the primary federal agency that regulates radioactive material.
A
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
8
Q
Why are alpha particles potentially harmful?
A
They are easily shielded because they dump their energy immediately.
9
Q
What types of data/calculations must be collected/performed during a x-ray survey?
A
* Calculate average exposure per integrated current
* Obtain annual integrated current from operator
* Determine occupancy factor.
* Calculate estimated annual exposure.
* Calculate estimated max exposure in a given hour.
10
Q
The principal types of interactions for alpha particles are:
A
Ionization and excitation
11
Q
_____ is a part on an X-Ray tube that expels the electrons from the circuit and focuses them onto the focal spot of the anode.
A
Cathode
12
Q
The shielding built into the tube head to prevent leakage is known as _____ _____.
A
Inherent Filtration
13
Q
When should the USAF RIC be notified according to AFI ___-___?
A
AFI 40-201 requires notification for any incident that involves RIC permitted sources
14
Q
Electron Shells
A
* electron cloud circles the positive nucleus.
* shells labelled K through Q
* Each shell represents a different energy level.
15
Q
_____ _____ is gamma radiation that occurs when the gamma interacts with an orbital or free electron with the photon losing only a fraction of its energy.
A
Compton Scattering
* some of the photons energy is transferred to the electron
* remaining energy is carried away by the scattered photon.
16
Q
What is a duty of BEE during Contamination Control and Contamination Control Station (CCS)?
A
Sampling of the environment to ensure that the plume has not moved and the CCS has not been contaminated.
17
Q
How do you prepare for a potential haz rad event?
A
* ID sources of rad material
* Establish coordination with local/state orgs
* Background rad measurements
18
Q
What is the second approach to Radiation Risk Mitigation?
A
Administration of antidotes that reduce the toxicity of the internalized substances
19
Q
Who ensures the receipt, possession, distribution, use, transfer, and disposal of rad materials according to the provisions of the MML and applicable Fed regs?
A
Radioisotope Committee (RIC)
20
Q
For Pair Production gamma radiation to occur, the original gamma must have a least _____ MeV energy.
A
1.02
21
Q
_____ _____ minus _____ _____ is the number of neutrons.
A
Mass Number; Atomic Number
22
Q
_____ _____ is an absorbers ability to remove energy from a beam of charged particles, there by “stopping the beam”.
A
Stopping Power
23
Q
What is used to cover parts of the human body that are not intended to be exposed to x-rays?
A
Patient Filtration - lead blankets
24
Q
What are three types of X-Ray filtration?
A
- Added Filtration
- Inherent Filtration
- Patient Filtration
25
\_\_\_\_\_ setting controls the ***number of electrons fired*** from the filament.
\* increasing this setting leads to **more electrons** produced.
\* increasing this setting results in **more x-rays** and **more exposure.**
MilliAmps (mA)
26
What are **3 natural sources** contributing to **background radiation.**
1. Atmospheric
2. Terrestial
3. Internal Radiation
27
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is an *isomeric transition* which occurs when the **daughter and parent** has the ***same atomic numbe*r** and the ***same atomic mass number***. It involves gamma ray emission and internal conversion.
Gamma Emission
28
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is *ionization* of the **DNA molecule**.
Direct Effect
29
Einstein's Equation
E = mc^2
30
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is the **weighted average** of the isotopic masses of an element based on the abundance of its naturally occurring isotopes.
It is determined by **summing the products of the isotope mass** and its % abundance.
Atomic Weight
31
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ higher settings produce **more penetrating x-rays,** depending on the setting can reduce patient exposure, and can ***increase scatter radiation***.
Kilovolt Peak (kVp)
32
What does pre-event planning and/or preparation involve?
\* **Background** rad d**ata** and surveys.
\* Identify base **critical missions**
\* **Assess threats** on the base
\* Assess **regional threats**
\* Indentify other Rad monitoring capabilities
\* Coordinate with **local/regional facilities**
33
What are the 5 types of **neutron classification** and their ***energy***?
1. **Thermal** --\> 0.025 eV
2. **Slow** --\> 100 eV
3. **Intermediate** --\> 100eV to 10 KeV
4. **Fast** --\> 10 KeV to 20 MeV
5. **Relativisitic** --\> \>20 MeV
34
\_\_\_\_\_ is a more fundamental measure of radioactive decay where: 1 Bq = 1 dps and 1Ci = 3.7 x 10^10 Bq
Becquerel (Bq)
35
What is the **ATOMIC *NUCLEUS***?
\* Quantum system composed of protons and neutrons
\* Center **surrounded by an electron cloud**
\* Proton - +1
\* Neutron - neutral
\* Electron - -1
36
\_\_\_\_\_ are **_emitted_** from an ***electron cloud***.
**X-RAYS**
*via Bremsstrahlung*
37
What are the two main mechanisms used to **produce _X-rays_**?
1. Bremsstrahlung
2. Characteristic X-Rays
38
Name the two **categories of radiation exposure**.
1. Practices
2. Interventions
39
Consequence Management includes .......
\* Planning
\* Training
\* Procurement of personnel
\* Procurement of equipment
40
What is an **Atomic Mass Unit** (AMU)?
\* Unit of mass used to **express atomic and molecular weights**,
\* Equal to ***_one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12_***.
\* It is equal to approximately **1.66 x 10-27 kg**.
41
Risk Management
Severity vs Probability
42
The ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ is the number of protons and neutrons.
Mass Number
43
What do source inventories list about the emitter/source?
\* type
\* model
\* serial number
\* location
\* maximum rated mA and kVp
44
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is the amount of **energy** that must be supplied to a nucleus to completely ***separate its nuclear particles*** (nucleons).
Binding Energy
45
What is a secondary hazard of rad events?
Internal contamination from re-suspension.
46
Interventions encompass two broad types of activity.
1. Operations that seek to **reduce existing exposures** not part of a controlled practice.
2. Activities conducted to **mitigate threats** greater than that posed by radiation.
47
The effective part of the cathode is .....
a **negatively charged tungsten filament** that emits electrons when heated sufficiently.
\* most tubes have 2 different sized filaments
48
\_\_\_\_\_ reactions are high energy reactions in which two lighter atomic nuclei **fuse** to form a heavier nucleus.
Fusion
49
What is **radiation detection equipment** required to do?
\* **Detect and verify** occurrence of an event
\* **Identify isotope** involved
\* Provide **dosimetry** for responders
\* **Screen victims** for internal/external **contamination**
\* I**dentify equipment contamination**
\* **Identify environmental contaminatio**n
\* Aid in **decon**
50
What support activities does BEE provide during rad events?
\* Determine **health affects of radiation**
\* **Protective / preventative actions** to allow ops to continue
\* **Emergency Management**
\* **Risk Management**
51
\_\_\_\_\_ is either a **nuclear reaction** or a r**adioactive decay** process in which the *nucleus* of an atom **_splits_** into smaller parts (lighter nuclei).
The fission process often ***produces free neutrons and gamma photons,*** and _releases a very large amount of energy_ even by the energetic standards of radioactive decay.
Fission
52
What is used as a filter to harden the beam by absorbing most of the low-energy photons?
Added Filtration such as aluminum or copper
53
\_\_\_\_\_ ______ Relationship is an *interaction* that is the l**east penetrating** which travels several cm in air; um in tissues
Range-Energy
54
The ______ X-Ray measures an items ability to ***scatter protons*** - ie. airport scanner
Backscatter
55
With _____ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_, the first approach is ***dose reduction*** - **_time, distance, and shielding_**.
Radiation Risk Mitigation
56
A _____ scanner takes a two dimensional picture.
CT
57
Name 3 X-ray machine **parameters**.
1. Kilovolt Peak (kVp)
2. MilliAmps (mA)
3. Exposure Time
58
\_\_\_\_\_ is the **probability** per unit time that an **_atom of a nuclide will decay_** - the ***rate of _decay_*** is proportional to the stability of the nucleus.
Decay Constant
59
\_\_\_\_\_ is **_X-ray radiation_** that is almost exclusively associated with ***beta and high energy electron radiation***.
Bremsstraulung
60
How are X-rays generated?
Electrons are accelerated through an electrical voltage potential and are then stopped at a target (anode).
61
Radiation Risk Assessment
\* ID toxicant
\* Toxicity
\* Routes of exposure
\* Intake/Uptake by route of exposure
\* Dose Rate
\* Toxico-kinetics by route of exposure
62
Which *federal agency* **sets protective limits** on rad emissions and **develops guidance** for **clean up** of rad contaminated **_superfund sites_**?
US EPA (40 CFR)
63
What is the ***primary hazard*** for **first responders** of radiological events?
For isotopes emitting penetrating radiation (high energy gamma or neutron), **EXTERNAL RADIATION** is the primary hazard.
64
Risk Management
\* **Assess risks**
\* ID **risk mitigation alternative**s
\* Decision and monitoring of the **effectiveness of mitigation and impact on operations**
65
The main concern for BE with the tube head is?
**Radiation leakage** which may cause _unnecessary exposures_.
66
What are 4 common sources of X-rays on military installations?
1. Medical / Dental X-rays
2. Non-destructive Inspection (NDI)
3. PAX Terminals
4. Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD)
67
Which AF agency oversees the radioactive materials and its inventory and enforces the USAF Master Materials License?
Air Force Medical Support Agency Bioenvironmental Engineering (AFMSA/S3PB)
68
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is the ***number* of protons**.
Atomic Number
69
What does Contamination Control and Contamination Control Station require?
\* **Minimize spread** of contamination
\* **Single point of entry AND exit**
\* Monitoring station for **contamination control**
\* Expedient **monitoring of personnel** exposed to hazard
\* **Processing point** for responders
70
\_\_\_\_\_ are **specific actions** performed in environments to mitigate sources of exposure, to save life or limb, to protect high value assets, or to achieve higher objectives that merit personnel ***incurring risks greater than those permitted for practices***.
INTERVENTIONS
71
\_\_\_\_\_ **has a positive charge** which attracts the *electrons* from the **_cathode_**.
Anode
72
Increasing _____ \_\_\_\_\_ results in ***increased number of x-rays*** but _does not change_ the average or maximum x-ray energy.
Exposure Time
73
The **size of the focal point** is a result of these three items:
1. Object covered by the X-ray field
2. Image quality
3. Heat production
74
An area outside of a restricted area but inside site boundary.
Controlled Area
75
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ \_\_\_\_\_ are _materials_ capable of undergoing **sustained fissioning** and can be used as ***reactor fuel or as weapon components***. Plutonium, Uranium
Special Nuclear Material
76
\* Is directly related to a radioisotope's half-life
\* Shorter half life = more transformations per second
\* More transformations per second = more radation
Specific Activity (SA)
77
The _____ is **found below the protective housing** and provides an **adjustable opening** which r**_estricts the X-ray beam_** to the smallest area consistent with clinical requirements.
Collimeter
78
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ are used for RAM contained in items or devices that **present minimal radiation risk** and can be c**ontrolled via standardized conditions**.
Template Permits
79
What is the **_subatomic_ nucleus**?
Consists of neutrinos and muons.
80
\_\_\_\_\_ ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a set of management and admin actions taken to ***reduce personnel radiation dosage*** to as low a level as possible consistent with ops requirements.
As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)
## Footnote
**10 CFR 20.11.1**
**AFI 48-148**
81
Where are rad air sampling sites located?
#1 is placed immediately downwind of accident site.
#2 is placed downwind from accident with distance determined by windspeed
#3 is placed at the Entry Control Point (ECP)
#4 is placed at the CCS between the equipment drop and decon area.
82
\_\_\_\_\_ are atoms with the **same number of **_P_**ROTONS**, but ***different number of neutrons***
Isotopes
83
True or False: No one can accept rad materials into the USAF inventory without permission from the RIC.
TRUE
84
What are the **objectives** of the AF Radiation Protection Program?
\* **Prevent occurrence** of clinically significant radiation induced deterministic effects.
\* **Limit the risk of stochastic effects**
\* **Training** of workers on the risks of radiation, methods to reduce exposure, and **_ALARA_** principles.
\* **Health Risk Assessments**
\* **Implementation of Controls**
\* **Documentation** of radiation exposure
85
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is an **_unexpected event_** involving a nuclear weapon, facility, or component **resulting in an increase in the possibility of explosion of rad contamination**, but *not constituting a nuclear weapon incident.*
Bent Spear
86
Where are air samples located?
#1 is placed immediately downwind of accident site.
#2 is placed downwind from accident with distance determined by windspeed
#3 is placed at the Entry Control Point (ECP)
#4 is placed at the CCS and monitored by CSS team
87
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is the ***specific*** number of **_ion_ pairs** per cm of travel in a given material.
Specific Ionization
88
\_\_\_\_\_ are ***_emitted_* from the nucleus**.
Gamma
89
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ are a**ctions and preparations** taken before and during an accident or other emergency event to i***dentify, organize, equip, and deploy ER forces*** to reduce the effects of such events on the public environment.
Consequence Management
90
A **radionuclide** that undergoes ***isomeric transition*** several minutes **_after a charged particle emission_** is said to be in a _____ \_\_\_\_\_.
MetaStable State
91
Name 4 types of **X-ray machines**.
1. CT Scanner
2. Bone (Medical) X-ray machine
3. Linear Accelerator
4. Backscatter X-ray
92
\_\_\_\_\_ is any process that **_adds enough energy_** to an electron of atoms or molecules causing it to occupy a **higher energy state**.
Excitation
93
Modeling and Measurement Data
Within **48hrs post event**, response team should be ***capable of inegrating and interpreting data*** from all sources available.
94
What support activities does BEE provide during rad events?
\*
95
What are the four _types_ of radiation **exposure**?
1. Occupational
2. Medical
3. Public
4. Incident / Contingency
96
What are three ways that **gamma rays** *release energy*?
1. **P**hotoelectric Effect
2. **C**ompton Effect
3. **P**air Production
97
What are the Contamination Control Station (CCS) processing steps (and order)?
1. Equipment drop
2. PPE removal
3. Monitoring personnel
4. Wash station
5. Medical station
98
\_\_\_\_\_ are atoms with the **same mass and atomic numbers**, but ***different meta-stable states***.
Isomers
99
What is ***energy***?
The ability to do work.
100
What is the joule (j)?
\* SI unit of work and energy
\* **1 joule of work** is done when a ***force of 1 Newton (N***) is exerted through a ***distance of 1 meter*** (m) J = N x m
101
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is radioactive decay in which an **_electron_ is emitted.**
Beta Decay
102
When diagramming / sketching an **x-ray room design** during a *survey*, ensure to include:
\* X-ray location
\* X-ray orientation
\* Patient position
\* Operator position
\* Describe x-ray room
\* Describe surrounding rooms
103
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ are materials which can be used to generate special nuclear material. They consist of uranium or thorium but do not meet the requirements for special nuclear materials.
Source Material
104
When should background radiation data and surveys be conducted?
\* Operational check of BE response equipment considered best practice
\* Background rad measurements should be conducted quarterly within each airbase sector that CEX has established.
\* AFMAN 10-2602, 4.9
\* NBCC Defense Operations and Standards
105
\_\_\_\_\_ can **break the chemical bonds** that ***hold the DNA*** strand together.
Ionization
106
What is the chart of the nuclides?
\* It lists the **stable and unstable nuclides** in addtion to pertinent info about each one.
\* ***Stable atoms*** tend be grouped **along the line of stability**.
\* Radioactive atoms lie on either side of the line of stability.
107
What training / information is needed for **pre-event planning** and/or **preparation**?
\* Intitial/baseline **training**
\* Event verification **training**
\* Scenario specific **training**/drills
\* Emergency response **training**
\* Risk Management **training**
108
With _____ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_, the first approach is dose reduction - time, distance, and shielding.
Radiation Risk Mitigation
109
Name 6 **_characteristics_** of **X-Rays**.
1. **High energy** waves
2. **Short wavelengths**
3. Travel at **speed of light** (c = 300,000,000 m/s)
4. Travel in a **straight line**
5. **Incoherent**
6. **Absorbed by material _based on density_**
110
What is the established guidance for acute radiation risk?
Military = 75 cGy Fed = 25 cGy
111
Which agency sets exposure standards to protect the health of the public and workers exposed to radiation?
US Occupational Safety and Health (29 CFR)
112
The **protective housing** is known as the _____ \_\_\_\_\_, is c*omprised of the x-ray tube, oil bath, cooling fan, and filtration* with the main purpose being **SHIELDING**.
Tube Head
113
\_\_\_\_\_ are atoms with the **same number **_N_**EUTRONS**, but **different number of protons.**
Isotones
114
What are four ***naturally occurring*** **decay chain**s?
1. **A**ctinium
2. **U**ranium
3. **N**eptunium
4. **T**horium
115
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ radiation consists of **_charged particles_** such as energetic ***electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles, heavy ion*****s**, etc...
Directly Ionizing
116
Name some radioactive items covered under the ***template*** permits
\* Chemical agent alarms, detectors, monitors
\* X-Ray fluorescence devices
\* Targeting devices
117
What is the ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM?
\* Radio wave
\* Microwave
\* Terahertz Radiation
\* Infrared
\* Light
\* Ultraviolet
\* X-Rays
\* Gamma Rays
118
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ occurs when a **positron** and an **electron** interact (collide), their masses are **_eliminated_** and **converted** to electromagnetic energy (gamma radiation).
\* ***Positron + Electron = Gamma***
Annihilation Radiation
119
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is the amount of time required for the activity to decrease to one half of its original value.
Half - Life
120
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is the **difference** between the **mass of the atom** and the **sum of the masses of its parts** - due to the conversion of mass to binding energy when the nucleus is formed.
Mass Defect
1 amu = 1.661 x 10^-27 kg
121
Permit conditions include:
\* Leak testing \* Binders \* Installation of a RSO
122
The anode serves as an ......
\* electrical conductor
\* thermal conductor
\* target support
123
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is _*GAMMA* radiation_ that occurs when a **high energy gamma passes close enough to a heavy nucleus**, the **gamma disappears**, and an _**electron *AND* a positron are formed**_.
Pair Production
124
What 4 items make up the ***Ionizing Radiation Survey Program***?
\* Source inventory
\* Radiation Safety Review
\* Quality Assurance
\* Radiation Measurements
125
\_\_\_\_\_ are discrete particles with **zero mass**, **no electric charge**, and are assoicated with ***_electromagnetic light_***.
**PHOTONS**
\* 0 Mass
\* 0 Charge
\* Move at speed of light (3 x 10^8 m/s)
126
What is the minimum equipment required for one lace CCS?
\* One alpha RADIAC \* One low range beta-gamm RADIAC \* PPE \* Table / chairs \* Trash cans, trash bags, water cans, etc...
127
What is Avogadro's Number?
\* Gram atomic weight of any element (anything) contains A's number.
\* 6.022 x 10^23
128
What materials ***within the unit*** that the x-rays pass through provide filtration?
Inherent Filtration
129
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ results in the **ionization of the atom** and ***expulsion of a high energy electron***.
Photoelectric Effect
\* predominant with **low energy gammas** *interacting* with materials with **high atomic weight**.
\* rarely occurs with gammas having energy \> 1 MeV
130
\_\_\_\_\_ is an atom with a ***specific combination*** of **neutrons and protons.**
Nuclide
131
What level of detection from a leak test will require corrective action?
0.005 microcuries per AFI 40-201
132
What is the *third* approach to **Radiation Risk Mitigation**?
Treatment
133
What are 4 *man made* sources of **background radiation**?
1. Consumer products
2. Neutron Sources
3. Sealed Sources
4. Unsealed Sources
134
\_\_\_\_\_ is a process which results in the **removal of a bound electron** from an *electrically neutral atom* or *molecule* by **_adding enough energy_** to the electron to overcome its binding energy.
Ionization
135
What are the Radiation Incident Planning Areas (RIPA)?
\* Region I - In the radiation hazard
\* Region II - Not in the hazard but close enough to support
\* Region III - Close enough to serve as a staging area and receive evauees
\* Region IV - all others
136
What are the critical mission criteria?
Must meet one of the following:
\* **Protect** base from **imminent attack**
\* Provide **support** to forces in combat
\* **Provide support to aircraft in flight**
\* Protect **strategic interests** of US
137
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ radiation consists of ***uncharged particles*** with the most common types being **photons above 10 keV** (*xrays / gamma rays*) and **all neutrons**.
Indirectly Ionizing
138
What are the primary rad risks for isotopes emitting **non-penetrating radiation** (alpha and beta)?
\* Internal contamination via ingestion, inhalation
\* Skin exposure via cuts
139
Name some ***non-template*** permit examples.
\* Troxler gauge
\* Medical
\* Broad scope
\* Academic
\* Research and Development
140
What must be accomplished within the **first 24 to 48 hours** of a rad event?
\* Radiation dose projections
\* Assess risk of exposure by time and location
\* ID victims Provide rad survey equipment
\* Arrange for periodic blood tests
141
A _____ is a general term referring to all **energetically unstable atoms**.
Radionuclides
142
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ ***shoots an intense beam of radiation*** in which the **protons** are extremely strong in order to **kill cancer _without whole body effects_**.
Linear Accelerator
143
Name the types of radiation and the materials that inhibit them from passing completing through.
\* Alpha - paper
\* Beta - wood
\* Gamma - concrete
144
What **dose equivalent limits** are placed on areas defined as a **RADIATION AREA**?
\> **5 mrem** in **1 hour** at **30cm** from source
145
What **devices** produce *background radiation*?
\* Radiography
\* Fluoroscopy
\* Dental
\* Security
\* Research devices
146
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is when an **electron** in an atom's inner shell is drawn into the nucleus where it ***combines** **with a proton***, forming a **_neutron and a neutrino_**. The neutrino is ejected from the atom's nucleus.
Electron Capture
147
What three main areas does the **NRC oversee**?
1. Reactors
2. Materials
3. Waste
148
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ are permits for RAM that do not fall under the standard permit conditions due to the ***unique nature or relative risk*** of the material being used.
Non-template Permits
149
A _____ X-ray machine takes a one dimensional picture
Bone (Medical)
150
Bremsstrahlung
\* **Increasing the speed** of the _electrons_ **across a target** results in higher average energy.
\* Electrons may interact with several targets prior to losing all of their kinetic energy.
\* Produced most effectively when small charged particles interact with large atoms such as the tungsten anode.
151
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is **gamma radiation** that occurs when **_low energy gamma strikes an atom_** and the **total energy of the gamma is expended** in **EJECTING** an electron ***from orbit**.*
Photoelectric Effect
152
What are the responsibilities of the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)?
\* Approves procurement, acceptance, transfer, and use of all RAM on AF installations
\* Establishes, implements, and manages the overall installation RAD protection program
\* Annual review of the installation rad protection program
\* Annual brief to ESOHC on RAM
\* Provides summaries and trends of dosimetry results and surveys to ensure ALARA
\* Coordinates activities with affected personnel \* Reviews all work orders involving RAM
\* Review of RAM inventories and ensures they are accounted for in RAMMIS
\* Approves (or disapproves) the use of RAM for military readiness training, etc...
\* Audits installation permits
\* Establishes and manages base rad safety program
\* Conducts public dose assessments
\* Conducts radon exposure monitoring
\* Manages personnel dosimetry and bioassay program
\* Oversees routine rad decon and site remediation activities.
153
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is the ***actual mass of an atom*** of a particular isotope expressed in Atomic Mass Units (AMU).
Atomic Mass
154
Name 2 portable **instruments** used during X-ray surveys.
1. Ion Chamber - **451**
2. Geiger-Mueller - **AMD 300**
155
Name the 4 levels of **Severity**.
\* Catastrophic
\* Critical
\* Moderate
\* Negligible
156
The main mechanism for damage to a cell is\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Ionization - ionizing radiation transfers kinetic energy directly to electrons. - if the energy transferred to the electron exceeds the binding energy that holds the electron in place, the molecular bond can be broken, altering the function of the molecule.
157
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is the average energy locally **deposited** in an ***_absorber_*** **per unit path length** (keV/cm)
Linear Energy Transfer (LET)
158
1 Curie (Ci) = \_\_\_\_\_\_
**3.7 x 10^10** disintigrations per second (dps)
159
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_s**urrounds the cathode and anode,** is made of **leaded glass** to filter out lower energy photons, and is **kept under partial vacuum** to minimize interactions with air and gas molecules.
Sealed Glass Envelope
160
\_\_\_\_\_ is **electromagnetic radiation** produced by the **_acceleration_** or especially the **_deceleration_** of a charged particle ***after passing through the electric and magnetic fields of a nucleus***.
\* Braking Radiation
\* Results in the "creation" of x-rays
Bremsstraulung
161
AFI \_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ states that every organization or installation that uses non-exempt quantities of RAM, radiation sources, or has the potential for exposures to residual RAM associated with AF operations shall implement a radiation safety program
48 - 148
162
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is a *radioactive process* in which a particle with **two neutrons and two protons** is _ejected_ from the nucleus of a radioactive atom.
The particle is identical to the nucleus of a **helium atom**.
**Alpha** Decay
163
Name 2 **measurement methods** used for *X-ray surveys*.
1. Dosimeters (TLD)
2. Portable instruments
164
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is an **unexpected _event_** involving *nuclear weapons* or *rad nuclear weapon components* that result in:
\* Accidental/unauthorized launch, firing, or use which might create risk.
\* Non-nuclear detonation
\* Nuclear detonation
\* Radioactive contamination
\* Seizure,theft, loss, or destruction of a nuclear weapon
\* Public hazard
Broken Arrow
165
What did the **_Energy Reorganization Act of 1974_** establish?
\* Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
\* Department of Energy
166
\_\_\_\_\_ is the **rate of radioactive decay** (radioactivity).
It is a measure of *how many atoms are disintegrating in a given period of time*.
Curie (Ci)
167
\_\_\_\_\_ are atoms with the **same atomic mass number,** but ***different atomic numbers***.
Isobars
168
\_\_\_\_\_ is the **minimum thickness** required to just **STOP** the particle.
Range
169
\_\_\_\_\_ is **energy of radiation wave** and has the ability to **_penetrate an object_**.
X-Ray
170
\_\_\_\_\_ are **high speed particles** that have an exceptional ability to ***penetrate other materials***.
Neutrons
171
When is energy (W) expended?
When a **force** (f) is **exerted** through some **distance** (r). W = f x r
172
\_\_\_\_\_ are **uncharged**, elementary particles with masses slightly greater than that of the protons and are ***found in the nucleus*** of every atom heavier than hydrogen.
Neutrons
173
What is the third approach to Radiation Risk Mitigation?
Treatment
174
The **proportion of scattering** depends on these three things:
1. photon energy
2. type of material
3. thickness of material
175
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ designates the installation BE or other individual, as the Installation RSO
Installation Commander
176
\_\_\_\_ _____ applies for and is usually the **RM permittee**. It is their responsibility to **contact the base RSO** prior to r*eceiving, possessing, using, distributing, storing, transporting, transferring or disposing* of any commodity with RM.
Organizational Commander
177
The _____ is usually the **commander of the organization that the source/material is being issued to**.
\* Responsible for ***ensuring regulatory and permit compliance.***
\* Responsible for having an ***ALARA training program*** in place.
Permittee
178
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is an individual approved by the USAF RIC to **manage the radiation protection** aspects associated with the use of RAM for which a ***SPECIFIC*** _permit_ has been issued.
\* Can be the base RSO, but *not common*.
\* **Oversees day to day activities** of the orgs permit.
Permit RSO
179
What are some of the **responsibilities** of the ***Permit RSO***?
1. **Inform commander and supervisor** when procedures are *not in compliance*.
2. **Informs installation RSO** of _any changes_
3. **Immediately notifies RIC** if permitted RAM is ***lost/stolen.***
180
\_\_\_\_\_ are individuals who **_use_ or supervise** the use of **RAM**.
\* They must obey the permit and directives listed in ***_AFI 40-201_***, **local ops** instructions, and ***ALARA***.
USERS
181
\_\_\_\_\_ is a **naturally occurring** radioactive **metal** in all ***rocks and soils***.
Uranium
182
What are the three uranium isotopes?
1. 234
2. 235 - fissile material
3. 238
183
What are four theoretical effects of depleted uranium exposure?
1. Radiation
2. Heavy metal toxicity
184
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ dosimeter is the general purpose dosimter used to measure radiation exposure to the whole body.
Whole Body
185
The whole body dosimeter is sensitive to:
1. Beta
2. Gamma
3. X-Ray
4. Neutron
186
True or False: The whole body dosimeter must be worn by all personnel enrolled in the Dosimetry program, should be clipped on outer clothing on the front part of the body and below the neck/above the waist, and in conjunction with other types of dosimeters.
TRUE
187
When worn _____ a collar dosimeter, always wear underneath any lead apron.
WITH
188
When worn _____ \_\_\_\_\_ a collar dosimeter and a lead apron is worn, worn on the individuals collar outside any protective equipment.
WITHOUT
189
The UD-802 _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ is the primary device used to evaluate head and eye (lens) exposures.
Collar Dosimeter
190
TRUE or FALSE: The collar dosimeter is ALWAYS worn outside any shielded protective covering.
TRUE
191
Where should the collar dosimeter be worn?
On the collar, as close to the thyroid as possible.
192
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is the primary device for determining the ***neutron*** dose equivalents to the whole body
and
should never be worn without a whole body dosimeter.
Neutron Dosimeter
193
The AF _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is a ring dosimeter that is the primary device to evaluate exposures to the hand and forearm
and
should be worn on the finger that will receive the highest dose of radiation
and
oriented so that the circular indention is facing the rad source.
Extremity Dosimeter
194
If leaded gloves are worn as PPE, the ring dosimeter will be worn ......
under the shielded gloves
and
with a whole body dosimeter
195
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ Dosimeter is used to detect and measure beta and gamma radiation.
Electronic Personal Dosimeter (EPD)
196
TRUE or FALSE:
The Electronic Personnel Dosimeter (EPD) has various dose and dose rate alarms that can be set to alert the wearer of a potential rad hazard.
TRUE
197
The Electronic Personal Dosimeter (EPD) N2 detects _____ and _____ radiation.
1. Neutron
2. Photon
198
TRUE or FALSE: Simultaneous wear of a TLD with an EPD use is not a requirement.
TRUE
199
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ _____ \_\_\_\_\_ provides a centralized, permanent, record of exposure for all personnel _currently_ and _previously_ **registered** in the Dosimetry Program.
Master Radiation Exposure Registry (MRER)
200
The information/data entered into the Master Radiation Exposure Registry (MRER) is used to generate _____ \_\_\_\_\_ reports.
Dose Equivalent Reports
201
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ _____ serves as a shipping list of dosimeters provided to a based for a specified monitoring period.
RDL Listing 1523
202
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ _____ is the report listing the internal and external dose equivalents for each worker enrolled in the Dosimetry Program.
RDL Listing 1499
203
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ _____ is a report that includes exposure data from the beginning of the calendar year to the prepared report date.
It is a summary report provided to the RSO for review.
RDL Listing 1499-2
204
The AF Form _____ is a summary of internal and external does recieved during the year generated annually by USAFSAM/OEA which the RSO reviews with each worker enrolled in the Dosimetry Program.
AF Form 1527-1
Annual Occupational Exposure History to Ionizing Radiation (IR)
205
TRUE or FALSE:
The AF Form 1527-2 is a cumulative history of individual ionizing radiation exposure that is generated upon written request from:
\* Enrolled individual
\* Installation RSO
\* Other authorized entity
TRUE
It includes ALL exposure history
206
The federal worker radiation total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) is _____ rem in a ***single year.***
5.0 rem/yr
207
The Non-Federal Worker (OSHA) total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) is _____ rem **per quarter**.
1.25
208
The **_declared_** pregnant female radiation total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) is _____ **mrem** per "**remainder of pregnancy**".
500 mrem
209
Minors radiation TEDE = _____ mrem/year
500
210
Public radiation TEDE = _____ mrem/year
100 mrem/year
211
An _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is an exposure recieved in any monitoring period that is acceptable for the period but which ***would be an overexposure if _continued_ at the same rate***.
Abnormal Exposure
212
For **occupational exposures**, any dosimeter and/or bioassay result which indicates a dose in **excess of 25%** of the applicable **annual dose limit** for a **_quarterly_ monitoring period** or **10% of the applicable dose limits** if **monitored _monthly_** shall be investigated within _____ days following discovery.
10 days
213
Any dosimeter and/or bioassay result *exceeding* applicable dose limits specifed in **10 CFR 20** and **AFI 48-148** are considered to present a _____ \_\_\_\_\_ and should be investifated immediately.
Potential Overexposure
214
Who sets the investigation action levels (IAL) and how should they be determined or set?
1. Installation RSO sets the IALs
2. Statistical analysis of historical data
215
Where are dose limits specified?
10 CFR 20
AFT 48-148
216
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is the amount of exposure per unit time.
Dose Rate
217
\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when radiation is divided into **smaller doses** with ***one or more rest periods*** in between, so fewer cells die.
Fractioned
218
The _____ amount determines the effects.
Dose
219
\_\_\_\_\_ ____ is **heavy radiation exposure** that occurs in a **_short time period_**.
It can occur once in a lifetime but exposures can also occur more than once, infrequently, and for short periods of time.
Acute Exposure
220
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is radiation exposure that occurs over a long period of time.
Can be continuous, or off and on over a long period of time.
Chronic Exposure
221
What are the two sources of radiation exposure?
1. External - penetrates body --\> GAMMA
2. Internal - ingest, inhale, absorb --\> alpha
222
\_\_\_\_\_ ______ exposure occurs where a radioisotope is uniformly distributed throughout the body tissues, not concentrated.
Whole Body
223
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ has very little or no radiation dose to a critical organ.
Partial Body
224
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ \_\_\_\_\_ applied to the external exposure of the skin or an extremity, is taken as the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.007cm, averaged over an area of 1 square cm.
Shallow Dose Equivalent (SDE)
225
Which cells are radiosensitive (ie. more susceptible to damage from rad exposure)?
1. Young and growing - bloood
2. Active cells - bone marrow
3. Undifferentiated Cells - basal/stem cells
4. Cells with high O2 count
226
What are two types of direct ionization?
Possible outcomes of direct ionization include:
\* Mutation
\* Cell death
\* repair
1. Excitation
2. Ionization
227
Excitation occurs when electrons .....
move to an outer shell
228
\_\_\_\_\_ involves the **complete removal of an electron** from an atom **following the transfer of energy** from a _passing charged particle_.
IONIZATION
229
\_\_\_\_\_ ionization occurs when free radicals react with biological molecules and damage it.
Indirect Ionization
230
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is the measurement of the number of ionizations which radiation causes per unit distance at it traverses the living cell or tissue.
Linear Energy Transfer (LET)
231
A _____ linear energy transfer occurs with direct ionization resulting in:
\* damaged molecules
\* Cell death
\* stem cell depletion
\* organism death
HIGH
232
\_\_\_\_\_ Linear Energy Transfer (LET) is indirect ionization resulting in:
\* Free radicals
\* Superoxides / Peroxides
LOW
233
\_\_\_\_\_ effects are associated with long term, low level (chronic) exposure to radiation.
Stochastic
234
Radiation can cause changes in DNA which are called \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Mutations
235
\_\_\_\_\_\_ effects have a clear relationship between the exposure and the effect. Usually occur with the receipt of a relatively high dose over a short period of time.
Cell killing
Non-Stochastic Effects
236
What are the classic symptoms of the Prodromal stage of Acute Radiation Syndrome?
N-V-D
\* Nausea
\* Vomiting
\* Diarrhea
237
What are the STAGES of Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS)?
* Prodromal
* Latent - patient seems healthy
* Manifest - symptoms show
* Recovery
* Death
238
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ __ \_\_\_\_\_ is the amount of RAM that can be inhaled/ingested.
Annual Limt of Intake
239
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is the absorbed dose in tissue multiplied by quality factor.
Dose Equivalent
240
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is the dose recieved in a restricted area or while working with exposure to sources of radiation.
Occupational Dose
241
\_\_\_\_\_ is an individual who is not in a restricted area and not working with exposure to sources of radiation.
Member of the Public
242
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ _____ is the dose equivalent to organs during the 50 year period following intake of RAM.
Committed Dose Equivalent (CDE)
243
The ____ \_\_\_\_\_ _____ is the dose equivalent to the lens of the eye at a tissue depth of 0.3 cm
Eye Dose Equivalent (LDE)
244
\_\_\_\_ ____ \_\_\_\_ is the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.007cm.
Shallow Dose Equivalent
245
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ is the dose equivalent at a tissue **_depth of 1 cm_**
\* applies to ***external exposure only***
Deep Dose Equivalent (DDE)
246
What is the Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE) **annual** limit for workers?
5 rem (0.05 Sv)
247
What is the annual limit for an individual organ or tissue (not lens of eye)?
50 rem (0.5 Sv)
248
What is the annual limit for the lens of the eye?
15 rem (0.15 Sv)
249
What is the annual limit for the skin?
50 rem (0.5 Sv)
250
What is the annual limit to each extremity?
50 rem (0.5 Sv)
251
TRUE or FALSE:
Unless a woman freely declares her pregancy in writing, she is to be treated as any other radiation worker.
TRUE
252
What is the limit during the entire pregnancy due to occupational exposure of a DECLARED pregnant woman.
0.5 rem (5 mSv)
253
What is the annual limt for individual members of the public?
0.1 rem
254
What are best practices with regards to radiation protection?
1. Minimize exposure time
2. Maximize distance
3. Sheilding
255
DOSE = _____ X \_\_\_\_\_
Exposure X Time
256
\_\_\_\_\_ the distance from the source ***REDUCES*** the exposure by a factor of ***FOUR***.
Doubling
257
\_\_\_\_\_ particles are heavy and doubly charged, which causes them to lose their energy quickly.
ALPHA
258
\_\_\_\_\_ particles have a greater range than alpha and shielding should be chosen based on low or high energy.
BETA
259
High Radiation Area = \_\_\_\_\_\_
0.1 rem / hour (30cm from source)
260
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is the amount of time personnel can safely be in a radiaton area.
Stay Time
261
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is often referred to as radiation INTENSITY, and is expressed in units of Roentgen/Hour.
Exposure Rate
262
What must medical and industrial X-Ray generators be surveyed for?
* Leakage
* Scatter radiation hazards
* Hazard distances
* Period inspections for proper operation
263
The dose in any **unrestricted area** resulting from *USAF controlled radiation sources* will not exceed:
2 mrem / hour
100 mrem / year
264
Who must be permitted for the source in order to **accept** RAM packages?
Ship to (receiver)
265
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is a substance capable of posing unreasonable risk to health and safety.
Hazardous Material
266
\_\_\_\_\_ ______ is a waste that is dangerous or potentially harmful to our health or environment.
Hazardous Waste
267
Radioactive Material is Hazard Class \_\_\_\_\_.
7
268
UN _____ is RAM, exempted package limited quantity of material in an **instrument/articles**.
2911
269
UN _____ is RAM, exempted package, ***limited quantity*** of material.
2910
270
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ are limited quantities, instruments or articles, empty boxes, with such a LOW risk that they are exempted from:
\* labeling
\* Marking (except UN ID)
\* Shipping papers ( if not haz)
\* Package cert
Excepted Package
271
Type _____ meet quantity requirements and will withstand NORMAL conditions.
A
272
Type _____ are greater than A quantities and able to withstand HARSH conditions.
Type B
273
RAD shipping labels are not used on ______ packages.
Excepted
274
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is a dimensionless number that is the max dose rate at 1 meter from the package source.
Transportation Index
275
Radioactive White I has almost no radiation with a limit of \_\_\_\_\_.
0.5 mR/hr
276
Radioactive Yellow II labeling is for packages with low radiation levels with:
50 mR/hr at surface
1 mr/Hr max at 1 meter
277
Radioactive Yellow III labels are for higher rad levels with:
200 mR/hr max on surface
10 mR/hr at 1 meter
Fissile Class III
278
\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_is the **energy *released*** from a nuclear weapon.
Nuclear Detonation (NUDET)
279
\_\_\_\_\_ is the measure of the **amount of explosive energy** it can produce.
Yield
280
What are the four effects of nuclear explosions?
1. Blast
2. Thermal
3. Direct radiation
4. Residual radiation (Fallout) --\> long term damage
281
What is the biggest concern of the initial radiation?
Residual radiation
282
What are the five principle rad elements?
1. Strontium 90
2. Iodine 131 - thyroid
3. Tritium - lung
4. Cesium 137 - potassium
5. Plutonium 239 - bone / lung
283
What determines the pattern of the fallout?
1. Wind speed
2. Wind direction
3. Terrain
284
What is the primary purpose of a radiological dispersal device (RDD)?
Invoke panic and disruption by spreading RAM to cause:
\* Destruction
\* Damage
\* Injury
285
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ are considered to be the most important effect related to rad dispersal devices.
Psychological Effects
286
What is the primary objective of Radiological Exposure Devices (RED)?
Use of a powerful RAM device with ***gamma or high beta*** source to **contaminate** area.
287
What are potential RAD material for RDDs?
* Cobalt 60
* Cesium 137
* Iridium 192
* Radium 226
288
According to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, special nuclear material (SNM) are:
* Plutonium
* Uranium 233
* Enriched Uranium
289
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ hazards are associated with **low level radiation** emitted from *weapons* and should be monitored using whole body and neutron dosimeters.
Intrinsic Radiation
290
291
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is a pressurized ionization chamber designed to quantitatively measure both gamma and X-ray radiation.
Victoreen 451
292
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is used in emergency responses and routine operations to:
* Establish baseline radiation levels
* Characterize med and dental X-Ray ops
* Characterize NDI
* Monitor food & water
* Characterize rad waste shipments
Victoreen 451
293
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ has slow response times, should be calibrated annually, user self checked before each use, and uses a Cesium 137 test source.
Victoreen 451
294
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ has three modes:
* Rate - used for constant radiation fields
* Freeze - obtain does rate from X-Ray matchines
* Integrate - used for pulsed or short duration exposure fields.
Victoreen 451
295
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is capable of **locating the source** and **measure low and high frequency RAM** in the form of ***GAMMA*** and ***BETA*** particles.
ADM - 300
296
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is not the best equipment to ***characterize*** exposures.
It uses 2 Geiger-Mueller tubes as detectors for BETA and GAMMA radiation.
ADM-300
297
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ has a X-Ray probe made of **sodium iodide** and
a Beta probe made of plastic scintillate material.
ADM-300
298
A _____ reading is a **cumulative** reading ***over a period of time a***nd is used when measuring filter paper with the ADM-300.
SCALER
299
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is a portable, hand-held, ionizing rad ID instrument designed to identify multiple GAMMA emitting nuclides.
SAM 940
300
The SAM 940 uses a detachable _____ \_\_\_\_\_ detector to ID ISOTOPES
sodium iodide
301
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ can be used to ID the source of contamination for treatment actions and locating lost RAD sources.
It is capable of detecting *isotopes* that emmit **GAMMA** radiation.
It should **NOT** be used a the _primary_ rad hazard search tool.
SAM 940
302
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ detects isotopes that emit GAMMA radiation.
SAM 940
303
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ has four modes:
* Dial - **detect and measure** gamma and neutron
* Finder - data is count-rate used to localize rad source "**you are getting cold/warm/hot**"!!!
* Bar - provides **count and dose rate**s of different isotopes
* Spectrum - **real time statistics**
SAM 940
304
The _____ is a portable type air sampler designed for high volume collection of airborne particulates.
RADeCO
305
Where should the 4 RADeCO samplers be placed?
1. Downwind/Adjacent to RELEASE site
2. Several hundred feet downwind
3. Upwind of release site to obtain background data
4. At the contamination control station (CCS)
306
What is the minimum air sample volume needed?
1000 ft ^2
307
What is the RADeCOs optimum flow rate?
20 cfm
308
What length of time should the RADeCO collect air samples to meet the recommended air sample volume of 1000 ft^2?
50 minutes
309
Beta minus decay occurs primarily **in nuclei** with \_\_\_\_\_.
An *excess* of **_NEUTRONS_**
310
What relates the **activity of a sample** to the **number of radioactive atoms** in the sample?
Probability per unit time that a nuclide will **decay**.
Proportional to nuclear stability
Decay Constant
311
Gamma emission typically occurs when \_\_\_\_\_.
a **nucleus** is left in an ***_excited state_*** following decay.
Nuclear decay reactions resulting in a transmutation generally leave the resultant nucleus in an excited state.
**Nuclei that are excited may decay to an unexcited or ground state, by emission of a gamma ray**.
312
When is a conversion electron emitted?
When an **excited nucleus** transfers energy to an **inner shell _electron_.**
313
Which mode of decay occurs most often in heavy atoms with atomic numbers greater than 82?
**Alpha Decay**
- an alpha particle is essentially a **_helium nucleus_**, which consists of **2 protons and 2 neutrons**, giving it a mass of 4 atomic mass units (amu).
314
The Chart of the Nuclides is best described as:
An **organizational chart** to display data relevant to **_nuclei._**
Since nuclei can be characterized by the number of protons and neutrons, the Chart of the Nuclides is a plot of nuclei, with the x-axis indicating the number of neutrons and the y-axis indicating the number of protons.
315
The dose equivalent is a means to account for:
\* Radiosensitivity of tissues in the body.
\* Assess and control from various types of radiation.
316
The ***_effective_* dose equivalent** is a means to relate:
***partial body to whole body***
317
The curie is a measure of:
Radioactivity
It is a measure of how many **atoms** are **_disintegrating_** in a given **time** period.
318
How many rads = a Gray?
100 rad = 1 Gy
319
The process of recording an individual's **internal dose** to each of his **organs**, multiplying these doses by each **organ's weighting factor** and summing the result would give you the person's \_\_\_\_\_.
Committed Effective Dose Equivalent (CEDE)
320
A beta particle passing in very close proximity to the nucleus of an atom will likely produce \_\_\_\_\_.
**Bremsstrahlung -** also known as 'braking' radiation, is x-ray radiation that may occur when **charged particles** _interact_ with an ***atomic nucleus***. It is almost exclusively associated with **beta** and high-energy electron radiations.
321
**Charged particle ionization** results in the production of \_\_\_\_\_.
An **ion pair** - in ionization, a negatively charged electron (anion) is energetically separated from an atom creating a positively charged atom or molecule (cation) until recombination with a free electron.
322
\_\_\_\_\_ is more likely to occur with beta particles than alpha particles.
**Backscatter -**
One of the characteristics of beta particle interaction is backscattering.
Beta particles tend to backscatter from the sample and/or sample holder.
Backscattering can increase the true counting rate by 20% to 30%; however, it is possible to make corrections for backscattering.
Two applications where backscatter corrections should be considered are instrument calibration and surveying for beta contamination on a hard surface
323
In designing shields for beta minus sources, care must be taken to shield for:
**Bremsstrahlung photons**
The shielding around high-energy beta sources usually consists of a low atomic number shield, such as plastic, located close to the source, with an outer layer of high atomic number shielding, such as lead. The low atomic number shield absorbs the beta particle energy, while the high atomic number shield absorbs the bremsstrahlung photons created by the beta particles interacting with the low atomic number shield.
324
The most common type of interactions between alpha particles and matter are _____ and \_\_\_\_\_.
Ionization and excitation
325
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is most likely to occur at **low energies** and **high atomic numbers**.
Photoelectric Effect
326
When is photoelectric effect most likely to occur?
low photon energy and high Z energy
327
The most probable interaction of radiation in a cell results in:
Radiolysis of water in the cell forming reactive **free radicals**. The ***radiation will ionize the water molecules***.
328
What are free radicals?
**Chemically reactive fragments** of molecules.
329
Ionization of the DNA molecule of a cell is called \_\_\_\_\_.
A direct effect.
The ionization breaks the chemical bonds that hold the DNA strands together.
330
The ***indirect effect*** of radiation on a cell is the result of
Radiolysis of water
331
A higher dose will _____ the latency period.
reduce
332
An _____ dose of radiation occurs when a **large dose** is _delivered_ over a **short period of tim**e.
Acute
333
What is the goal of a dose limit?
**Limit/reduce** *stochastic* effects to an acceptable level of risk and **prevent** *nonstochastic* effects from occurring.
This goal is met by setting a limit for stochastic effects at ***5 rem per year*** (called the stochastic limit) and a limit for nonstochastic effects at ***50 rem per year per organ*** (called the nonstochastic limit).
334
Which instrument would be the best choice for measuring x-rays from an x-ray machine?
Victoreen 451 - ionization chamber
335
For most ***source organ-target organ*** combinations, and for most radionuclides, the **controlling limit** for occupational exposure is the \_\_\_\_\_\_.
**Stochastic** limit of 5 rem/year
336
Which term is defined as the derived limit for the amount of radioactive material that, if taken into the body will deliver an ***internal dose equal to the yearly limit***?
The **Allowable Limit of Intake** (ALI) is that amount of a radionuclide, which, if taken into the body by inhalation or ingestion, would result in a CEDE of 5 rem or a CDE to an organ of 50 rem,
337
The dose to an **organ** (other than the lens of the eye and skin) is evaluated with the _____ and \_\_\_\_\_.
Commited Dose Equivalent (CDE) and Deep Dose Equivalent (DDE)
338
When shielding beta particles in high 'Z' materials, we must consider .....
Bremsstrahlung
339
Which material provides the best shielding from a sealed source gamma (photon) emitter?
Most photon shielding will be **high Z materials**, like lead or concrete, to maximize the number of photoelectric interactions in the shield.
Lead is usually more economical for the lower energy photons, while concrete becomes more economical at very high energies.
340
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ have a finite range, which means that there is a **thickness of materia**l that will completely **_stop_** these particles.
Beta Particles
341
TRUE or FALSE:
With approval, isotopes may be stored for decay if their half-life is less than 120 days
TRUE
as long as it is authorized in the RIC permit
342
TRUE or FALSE
Unless specifically approved by the RIC, radioactive waste cannot be stored longer than 2 years.
TRUE
unless specifically approved by the RIC
343
