BEO 160829 CHEM Flashcards
1
Q
__ CFR ____.____, is the Hazard Communication guidance - chemical is hazardous if it can cause a physical or health hazard.
A
29 CFR 1910.1200
2
Q
_____ is the study of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.
A
Toxicology
3
Q
The 4 chemical phases of toxic materials are:
A
- Gas - NTP (1 atm, 25C)
- Liquid
- Vapor - solid/liquid at NTP, VP drives some to air.
- Solids
4
Q
What are the three types of solid / fibers that hazardous chemicals can be?
A
- Fibers
- Dust
- Fumes
5
Q
What are three types of “aerosols” that hazardous chemicals can be?
A
- Smoke
- Mist
- Fog
6
Q
Any particle with an aspect ratio >3 is a _____.
A
Fiber
7
Q
Any particles airborne by mechanical action are known as _____.
A
Dust
8
Q
Solids that are vaporized then condense and solidify are known as _____.
A
Fumes
9
Q
______ are solid particulates formed by incomplete combustion.
A
Smoke
10
Q
Liquid droplets formed by mechanical action are known as _____.
A
Mist
11
Q
_____ is liquid droplets formed by condensation.
A
Fog
12
Q
_____ are sometimes referred to as corrosives.
A
Acids - pH 6 to 0
13
Q
_____ are sometimes referred to as caustics.
A
Bases - pH 8 to 14
14
Q
A chemical is known as _____ if it causes injury or death.
A
Toxic
15
Q
A chemical is considered to be ______ if it ignites at >199.4 F.
A
Flammable
16
Q
A substance is considered to be _____ if it promotes or initiates combustion.
A
Oxidizer / Reactive
17
Q
_____ _____ is a gas that is pressurized in a container.
A
Compressed Gas
18
Q
An _____ chemical explodes when heated, shocked, or pressurized.
A
Explosive
19
Q
A _____ chemical will emit ionizing radiation.
A
Radioactive
20
Q
A _____ is a chemical / substance that causes cancer.
A
Carcinogen
21
Q
A _____ _____ is a potential or actual condition that can cause short or long term injury, illness, or death to personnel.
A
health threat
22
Q
_____ _____ attack the nervous system by inhibiting acetylcholineterase (AChE). Symptoms include miosis, rhinorrhea, salivation, seizures, death.
A
Nerve Agents
23
Q
_____ _____ destroy cell tissues and will have the following symptoms: skin/eye irritation, blisters.
A
Blister Agents
24
Q
_____ _____ disrupt oxygen carrying capacity of blood. (They are known as cyanogens).
A
Blood Agents
25
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ attack the **lung tissue** and cause edema. Most known is ***PHOSGENE***.
Pulmonary Agents
26
The **most important** and the route of entry of **most concern** for *airborne* chemicals is \_\_\_\_\_.
Inhalation
\* closely associated with the circulatory system so contaminants are transported quickly into the blood stream.
27
What are the **5 routes of entry** for chemicals into the body?
1. Inhalation
2. Absorption
3. Contact
4. Ingestion
5. Injection
28
\_\_\_\_\_ results from contact with a chemical that **penetrates skin** into the *blood stream*.
Absorption
29
\_\_\_\_\_ results when a chemical **contacts the skin** and directly damaging the skin. The most common result is *dermititis*.
Contact
30
\_\_\_\_\_ is **eating or drinking** a chemical, usually accidentally, and can occur when personnel do not wash hands.
Ingestion
31
\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when the skin is **punctured** by an object or pressurized air and chemicals enter the body.
Injection
32
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ occur when **two different chemicals** affect the *same target organ*.
Additive Effect
2+2 = 4
33
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ occurs when **two different chemical**s have a **combined effect** _greater_ than the sum of their individual effects.
Synergistic Effect
2 + 2 = 20
34
\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when one chemical that does not have a specific toxicity **increases the toxicity** of another chemical.
Potentiation
35
\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when components have a **combined effect** that's **less than the sum** of their individual effects.
Antagonism
4 + 6 = 8
36
The degree of chemical hazard risk depends on _____ and _____ \_\_\_\_\_.
Concentration and Exposure Time
37
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is **short term exposure** which can result in mild to extreme effects.
Acute Exposure
38
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is **long term exposure** which may result in chronic effects ( cancer, etc...).
Chronic Exposure
39
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ are the **most effective hazard control method** since it can control the *source* and be *integrated* into the **design**.
Engineering Controls
40
What are 3 types of **engineering** controls when dealing with chem hazards?
1. Substitution - replace with less hazardous chem
2. Minimization - scale down process
3. Ventilation - remove or dilute
41
What are 4 examples of **admin** controls?
1. Job rotation
2. Ed and Training
3. Preventative Maintenance
4. Med Surveillance
42
When selecting **clothing** as PPE, what 4 factors must be considered?
1. Permeation
2. Penetration
3. Degradation
4. Breakthrough Time
43
A _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is established when the sampling results **exceed** the **allowable limit**.
Regulated Area
44
What are some substances that **require regulated areas** per ***29 CFR 1101***?
\* Asbestos (1101)
\* Cadmium (1027)
\* Benzene (1028)
\* Formaldehyde (1048)
\* Methylene Chloride (1052)
45
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ _____ are our **primary source** of information regarding chemicals.
Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
46
The \_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_ is the **base** *chemical inventory list* custodian system.
ESOH-MIS
47
How do we **identify** CBRN Hazards?
\* Interviews
\* Research
\* Historical Data
\* Observations
\* Agencies - OSI, FBI
48
How do we **eliminate transfer** of contaminants from one area to another?
\* Housekeeping
\* Personal Hygiene
\* Change out of work clothes
49
What are three **health effects** of asbestos exposure?
1. Asbestosis
2. Lung Cancer
3. Mesothelioma
50
\_\_\_\_\_ is **non-cancer**, **irritates** the lungs, causes **scarring** of lung tissue, and has *no effective treatment*.
Asbestosis
51
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is caused by ***continued, chronic exposure*** and is the most common cause of death.
Lung Cancer
52
\_\_\_\_\_ is a **rare** form of cancer resulting from the inhalation of fibers and affects the lining of the lung.
Mesothelioma
53
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is defined as being **greater than 1%** by weight of asbestos.
Asbestos Containing Material
54
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ can be **crushed by the hand** and is the ***greatest threat/hazard*** because it can send the asbestos into the atmosphere.
Friable Asbestos
55
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ can only be *particle size reduce*d by **mechanical processes** and therefore is a low risk if un-disturbed.
Non-Friable Asbestos
56
What are 3 asbestos **abatement** options?
1. Removal
2. Encapsulation
3. Repair
57
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ \_\_\_\_\_ covers all industries except construction and shipyard work.
General Industry Standard
58
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ covers all construction industry under 29 CFR 1926.1101
Construction Standard
59
When must **notifications** for _postive_ asbestos detections be provided?
\* OSHA - ASAP
\* Construction - 5 working days
\* General Industry - 15 working days
60
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ must be established wherever airborne concentrations of asbestos are in **excess of the TWA** and/or **excursion limit**
Regulated Areas
61
What must **asbestos warning signs** display?
1. Danger - Asbestos
2. PPE requirements
3. Cancer and Lung Disease Hazard
4. Authorized Personnel Only
62
What are **control**s that are acceptable for asbestos work areas?
\* Local Exhaust Systems - ANSI Z9.2-1979
\* Use a wet method during work
\* Respirators and protective clothing
\* Must have means for showering/cleaning self
\* Workplace specific training
\* All controls must be in writing
63
Where are the highest Pb exposure levels?
Children - inhalation and ingestion
64
\_\_ CFR Part ____ **bans** the use of lead containing paint. 0.06% to total weight of non-VOC paint.
16 CFR Part 1303
65
\_\_ CFR \_\_\_\_\_.\_\_\_\_ OSHA Standard , Lead.
29 CFR 1910.1025
66
\_\_ CFR \_\_\_\_\_.\_\_\_\_\_ Safety and Health regulations for construction, Lead
29 CFR 1926.62
67
The _____ and _____ \_\_\_\_\_sets the action level for **Pb** at 0.015 mg/ml and **Cu** at 1.3 mg/L.
Lead and Copper Rule
68
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ are **warning signs** that system requires changes and triggers further investigation / surviellance.
Action Levels
69
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ increases the risk of lung cancer.
Radon Exposure
70
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is the second leading cause of lung cancer. When combined with cig smoking, there is a synergistic effect.
Radon Exposure
71
According to the EPA and AFI 48-148, when should structures be mitigated?
Structures should be mitigated if average levels in the structure are above 4pCi/L
72
All forms of _____ \_\_\_\_\_ are a carcinogen capable of causing lung cancer via inhalation.
Hexavalent Chromium
73
What are the exposure limits for Hex Chromium?
\* OSHA = 0.005 mg/m3 for 8/hr TWA
\* Must attempt to keep below 0.025 mg/m3 for paint / prime
74
What sampling methodology is recommended for hex chrom by the lab?
NIOSH Method 7605 - Hex Chrom
75
What sampling methodology is recommended for strontium chromate?
NIOSH Method 7605 - partition
76
Beryllium is found in **aircraft parts** and can be released to the atmosphere via:
\* Grinding
\* Welding
\* Maching processes
77
Name 4 **health effects** of exposure to **_beryllium_**.
1. Beryllium Disease
2. Anorexia / Weight Loss
3. Heart Disease
4. Sensitizer
78
What are the exposure limits for Berylium?
OSHA Pel = 2 ug/m3 (totals)
USAF AL = 0.2 ug / m3 (totals)
ACGIH = 0.05 ug/m3 (inhalable only)
79
What sampling methodology is used for Beryllium?
NIOSH 7300 (totals)
80
What are the two samplers?
1. SKC Inhalable
2. Button Inhalable
81
What are the 6 air sampling types?
1. Grab
2. Integrated
3. Personal
4. Area
5. Active
6. Passive
82
\_\_\_\_\_ *sampling* occurs at a **specifc moment**.
Grab
83
\_\_\_\_\_ *sampling* occurs over a **period of time** and then *averaged*. Used to compare TLUs, PELs, ALs
Integrated
84
\_\_\_\_\_ *sampling* is the **preferred method** to _evaluate worker exposures_ and to determine compliance. Data is compared against standards.
Personal
85
\_\_\_\_\_ *sampling* is used to **evaluate background concentration**.
Area
86
\_\_\_\_\_ *sampling* employs a **mechanical device** and requires a relatively constant source of suction.
Active
87
\_\_\_\_\_ *sampling* relies on **ambient air flow**, is cheaper, easier, uses a **badge**, but not useable for high flow methods.
Passive
88
Name some **_direct reading_ instruments** and their purpose?
\* Multi-gas meter - LEL, O2, CO, CO2, VOCs generally
\* IAQ Meter - CO2, Temp, O2, Particulates, Humidity
\* Mercury Vapor Monitor
\* Colorimetric Tubes/badges -
\* PID/FID - Photoionization/Flame
\* Ionization - Organics, some inorganics.
\* Spectrophotometer - Absorbs light. Organics/inorganics
\* GC/MS - HAPSITE.
\* Ion Mobility Spectrometer - Detection of toxic gases in combat.
\* Particulate monitors - Monitor particulates
89
Name some **indirect sampling** devices.
-- Indirect requires sending off of the sample for analysis
-- Air sampling pumps - can have different levels of air-flow.
\* Low flow - 0.5 - 500 ml/min
\* High Flow - 0.5 - 5 L/min
\* Heavy Duty high-flow - 3-30 L/min. Area sampling
\* XMX - Bio-aerosols Passive monitors
90
When using charcoal tubes as a sampling media, what must you be aware of?
Break through - must have less than 10% between front and back.
91
How do we determine the raw concentration for a sample?
If the TWA is above the OEL, no need for an UCL.
If, UCL\<1, then 95% confident no overexposure
If LCL\<1 and UCL\>1, then unsure, may be overexposure
If LCL\>1, then 95% confident overexposure Calculated by taking the SAE in conjunction with the standardized concentration.
92
\_\_\_\_\_ is a parasite that is spread via cat fecies to pregnant women.
Toxoplasmosis
93
\_\_\_\_\_ are one celled microbes, prokaryotes (lack nucleus) and are spherical, rod, or spiral shaped.
Bacteria
94
\_\_\_\_\_ are single or multicellular, live in or on a host, take nutrients but do not give benefits.
Parasites
95
\_\_\_\_\_ do not generate their own food source. Examples are mushrooms or mold.
Fungi
96
\_\_\_\_\_ are proteinaceous infectious particles that lack nucleic acids.
Prions
97
\_\_\_\_\_ are eubacteria, nonmotile, non spore-forming and live in ticks or mites.
Rickettsia
98
\_\_\_\_\_ are mostly **generic material** and can not reproduced without a cell. Examples are *influenza*, *small pox, and hepatitis*.
Viruses
99
\_\_\_\_\_ are chemical substances made by biological agents and do not require an incubation period. Examples are botox, ricin.
Biotoxins
100
What is the chain of infection?
Pathogen--\>
Resevoir--\>
Escape--\>
Transmission--\>
Entry--\>
Host
101
What are the 4 routes of entry for BIO health threats?
1. Inhalation
2. Absorption via dermal contact
3. Ingestion
4. Injection
102
What is the most common work place route of entry for BIO health threats?
Absorption through dermal contact
103
What are the three **transmission methods** of BIO health threats?
1. Contact
2. Vector Borne (living organism)
3. Airborne
104
What are the two types of contact transmission methods?
1. Direct - person to person
2. Indirect - contaminated object acts as intermediate (fomite)
105
What are the 3 **categories** of BIO warfare agents?
1. Cat A
2. Cat B
3. Cat C
106
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ are BIO warfare agents that are easily spread or transmitted, have high death rates, and examples are smallpox, anthrax, plague, and botulism.
Category A
107
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ are BIO warfare agents that are moderately easy to spread, cause moderate illnesses, low death rates. They are the most important category
Category B
108
\_\_\_\_\_ is how **easily or quickly** bio agents are **_spread_**.
Contagiousness / Infectivity
109
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is the time between **exposure** and **onset of symptoms**.
Incubation Period
110
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is the time when a pathogen can be **transmitted from person to person**.
Communicability Period
111
\_\_\_\_\_ ______ is the number of agents required to cause infection in a normal host.
Infectious Dose
112
\_\_\_\_\_ is determined by potency, particle size, and exposure routes.
Lethality
113
\_\_\_\_\_ dictates the number of casualties.
Potency
114
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ of 1 to 5 microns can reach alveoli and can do the most harm.
Particle Size
115
Most pathogens are more harmful if they are \_\_\_\_\_\_.
inhaled
116
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ impacts pathogen survival and dispersion.
Release Mechanism
117
What are 6 environmental factors which impact bio hazard dispersal?
1. Wind speed and direction
2. Atmospheric stability, layering and mixing
3. Terrain
4. Rate of biological decay
5. Rates of decay in soil, water, and on surfaces
6. Time of day - dusk/dawn are ideal
118
The US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) has created a "blue book" for the ______ \_\_\_\_\_ __ \_\_\_\_\_ _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Medical management of Biological Casualties Handbook
119
What are the 2 impacts of BIO health threats?
1. Psychological effects
2. Physiological Responses
120
\_\_\_\_\_ ______ is the loss of confidence in protective gear and counter measures.
Psychological Effects
121
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ vary based on exposures, duration, dose, incubation period, and agent type.
Physiological Response
122
What are some workplace engineering controls for bio hazards?
* Sharps disposal containers
* Pressurized vent systems
* Bio safety cabinets
123
BIO hazard engineering controls should target?
the source and/or resevoir
124
Workplace admin controls seek to control the transmission of the agent through:
* Hand hygiene
* Sanitation
* Food and Water sanitation
* Safe work practices
125
What respiratory PPE is required in a healthcare setting?
N95 or higher filtration
126
What are examples of workplace BIO hazard PPE?
* Gloves
* Aprons
* Lab coats
* Gowns
* Shoe covers
* Face shields
* Goggles
* Glasses with side shields
* Respiratory protection
127
The ____ \_\_\_\_\_ _____ is usually a designated room in a workplace and used for chem and/or bio attacks.
Shelter In Place
128
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ _____ is specifically designed for rest/relief from exposure, especially in deployed environments.
Collective Protection System
129
\_\_\_\_\_ is administered prior to a BIO attack to build up immunity before, during and after an attack.
Immunoprophylaxis
130
\_\_\_\_\_ is provided post exposure to mitigate the affects of a BIO agent.
Chemoprophylaxis
131
\_\_\_\_\_ occurs to patient zero, the first know case and/or carrier of a know BIO agent.
Isolation
132
\_\_\_\_\_ is for individuals who may be exposed but symptoms are not yet present.
Quarantine
133
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is used to limit the transmission by reducing movement to other areas.
Restriction of Movement
134
Drinking water filiters, air filters, wash areas are all examples of _____ decontamination.
Mechanical
135
Disinfectants are common controls for _____ decontamination.
Chemical
136
\_\_\_\_\_ decontamination uses heat, UV light, radiation, pastuerization, steam and autoclaves.
Physical
137
Level _____ suits are used for unknown BIO/CHEM hazards.
A
138
Level ___ suits have the SCBA tank on the outside and are used for BIOagents.
B
139
In the deployed environment, MOP gear is used for normal, everyday use and includes:
* Mask
* JSLIST Suit
* Gloves
* Boots
140
29 CFR \_\_\_\_.\_\_\_\_, Hazard Communication, identifies any chemical as hazardous if it can cause physical or health hazards.
29 CFR 1900.1200
141
In the absence of info when determining total exposure health risks as a result of two or more chemicals, you should assume that the effect will be \_\_\_\_\_\_, and they will target the same organ.
Additive
142
The compliance factor calculation is performed when 2 chemicals target the _____ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Same Target Organ
143
What is the pathway for a chemical when permeation occurs to protective clothing?
1. Absorption
2. Diffusion
3. Desorption
144
\_\_\_\_\_ is the change in one or more physical properties of a protective material caused by contact with the chemical.
Degradation
145
\_\_\_\_ _____ is the **time elapsed** from initial contact on the **_outside_** surface until detection on the **_inside_** surface.
Break Through
146
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ of a chemical, if detected, provides an excellent warning that it is hazardous.
Odor Threshold
147
When identifying CBRN hazards, what intelligence agencies should be consulted for info?
* OSI
* FBI
* NCMI
148
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is any material with \>1% by weight of asbestos.
Asbestos Containing Material (ACM)
149
An employer must establish regulated areas whenever the airborne concentration of asbestos is in excess of the _____ and/or _____ \_\_\_\_\_
TWA and/or excursion limit
150
What are the CFRs for general industry and construction, specifically for Pb?
29 CFR 1910.1025
29 CFR 1926.62
151
40 CFR 141.43 prohibits the use of lead pipes, solder, and flux, but allows _____ \_\_\_\_\_.
Lead Joints
152
\_\_\_\_\_ sampling collects samples at the time of sampling but may not be true representative of actual levels.
Grab
153
Charcoal tubes and silica gel tubes are used as air sampling media for the _____ of gases and vapors.
Adsorption
154
\_\_\_\_\_ tubes are best used for organic compounds.
Charcoal
155
Filters are used for ______ and are the most common sampling media.
particulates
156
Mixed Cellulose Ester (MCE) filters are used for:
metal fumes and dust
157
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) filters are used for:
Hex chrom and silica
158
The Brief and Scala Model is used to account for ______ and _____ \_\_\_\_\_ between exposures.
Metabolism and recovery time
159
If a chemical has a STEL listed, it cannot be exceeded in a _____ minute period for more than ____ times per day and must have a recovery time of _____ minutes.
15 minute period
4 times per day
60 minute recovery
160
The ____ (TLV=C) can not be exceeded under any circumstances.
Ceiling
161
