BEO160829 Block 5 & 6 Flashcards
When analyzing water characteristics, what are three things to identify?
* Physical - turbidity, color, odor, taste
* Chemical - pH, mineral content
* Bateriological
What does the zone of saturation contain?
It contains only water present in the pores of the earth.
When is Health Risk Assessment Sampling done?
Is done after a contamination release but before clean up to determine the extent of the containation and if there are any hazards to personnel or the environment.
We assign health risk classification to any cross-connection that could introduce contamination to a potable water system?
* Aircraft watering points
* CDC
* SAP
* DOD schools
A _____ aquifer has impermeable layers of rock above and below.
Confined
What are potential sampling objectives?
* ID health risks to workers/community
* Define Area of Concern
* Analyze/reduce health risks
* Making control health decisions.
When is Remediation Sampling performed?
ID’s the existence and concentration of any contamination after clean up.
What is sieving?
Sorts a sample to obtain uniform sample SIZE.
* Not for VOCs
What method of disinfection is used as an expedient method when no other options are available?
Boiling
What are two types of non-statistical sampling strategies?
- Biased
- Judgemental
A_____ aquifer has a permeable layer above it.
Unconfined
What are items to identify when determing a suitable, potable water source?
* is there enough volume at all times?
* Is there potential exposure points for contamination above the collection point?
What regulations are followed overseas?
If the host-nation has regulations, those are followed. Otherwise follow OEBGD. The primacy agency may be MAJCOM BEE
What are the disadvantages of surface water as a source for water?
* High chance of contamination
* Requires security to ensure safety
What is Stratified Random Sampling?
* Statistical
* Used for large sites
* Used when there are different types of soil.
What is Systematic Grid Sampling?
* Best for minimizing bias
* Provides complete coverage
* Most Common
What is the BE role in regards to cross-connections and backflow prevention?
We assign health risk classification to any cross-connection that could introduce contamination to a potable water system
What is a composite sample?
Combines and homogenizes several soils samples.
* Cost effective
* Not for VOCs
* Creates an average concentration for an entire area.
What is Hot Spot Sampling?
* Used for small areas
* High contaminant concentrations
What are disadvantages of groundwater as a source of water?
* Higher mineral content
* Difficult to access
* Difficult to quantify (determine volume available)
At CONUS locations, how long do you have to submit analytical data to the primacy agency?
10 days
What does the National primary drinking water standard control?
It is a specific list of parameters with Minimum Contamination Limits (MCLS) that must be met for drinking water.
What characteristics will affect water quality?
* Dust
* Silt
* Minerals
* Organisms
* Turbidity
* Odor
* Taste
What is Simple Random Sampling?
* Statistical
* Costly
* Used when minimal info is available
What is homogenization?
Mixing or blending a sample for uniform distribution of contaminants.
* Not for VOCs
What occurs when the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor?
Precipitation
What is the difference between primary and secondary disinfection?
* Primary kills what is there
*Secondary is to keep a residual concentration throughout the water system to inhibit the growth of organisms.
What does the National secondary drinking water standard control?
Aesthetic (odor, taste, color). Not regulated.
What is the purpose of soil/solid sampling?
Obtain info about a potential/confirmed health threat.
What are four types of statistical sampling strategies?
- Simple Random
- Stratified Random
- Systematic Grid
- Hot Spot Sampling
What agency has primacy in US locations?
States as long as regs are as stringent as the Federal regs.
When chlorinating a new main what level of free available chlorine must be reached?
What should it be after 24 hours?
25 mg/L
10 mg/L
What is biased sampling?
* Preliminary screening technique
* Used when info suggests specific contamination in specific areas of site
* Haphazard sampling
What are the steps of treating water in-garrison?
* Coagulation
* Flocculation
* Sedimentation
* Filtration
* Disinfection
When does a line break not require disinfection?
When it maintains positive pressure during the whole process
What does the CSM assess?
* Contaminant source
* Media pathway
* Health threats
* Exposure Routes
* Population affected
* Existing controls
* Frequency and duration of threat
* Probability and severity of the threat
What types of regulations do you have concerning water in a deployed location?
* MEGS - Military Exposure Guidelines
* CONUS - State / Fed regs
How do you identify random sampling points?
* Measure
* Plot
What is a disadvantage of a tree/trunk water system?
It has dead ends which creates stagnant water that can lead to contamination.
What does the zone of aeration contain?
The pores in the earth contain water and air mixed.
What sampling devices are ideal for VOC samples?
Tube Samplers
* Veihmeyer Tube Sampler
* Split Spoon
* Push tube
* Trier Sampler
Resource Efficiency
How do we meet our sampling objectives in the most cost effective manner?
What are sampling objectives?
Determine completeness of an exposure pathway.
* Source
* What media is source in (water, soil, air)
* Health threats?
* Population affected?
* Route of exposure?
What must happen before new water mains and extensions are put in service?
* Disinfection
* Flushing
* Bacteriological Testing
What are the advantages of groundwater as a source of water?
* Low turbidity
* Consistent temperature
* Drought resistent
* Difficult to contaminate
* Less exposure to pathogens
What is judgemental sampling?
* Based on the use of historical data
* Subjective sampling technique
* Identify contaminants present in high concentration area
What is the Conceptual Site Model?
CSM links the threat to the receptor
* What is the source?
* How does it reach targets?
* Who is affected?
What is a transient non-community water system?
A public water system that provides water in a place where people do not remain or reside for a long period of time.
What is the preferred method for treating water in a deployed location?
ROWPU - provides high quality,potable water from a low quality, contaminated source.
What is a community water system?
A public water system that services at least 15 connections or 25 year round residents.
What are the non-compliance tiers. How long do you have to notify the public for each in the event of a non-compliance situation
Tier 1 - 24 hours
Tier 2 - 30 days
Tier 3 - One year
What is the Consumer Confidence Report?
It is an annual report that summarizes all of the sampling during the past calendar year. It must be finished and made available to all customers of the water system by the July 1st.
What does the SAM Plan entail per AFI 48-144?
All the SOPs on sampling including when, how, where, and what
What are some common water distribution systems for deployed environments?
*Onion Tank
*Hippo
*Forward water point supply system
*Semi mounted fabric tank
*TWDS
What is the Data Quality Objective Process?
- State the problem
- Identify the goals
- Identify info inputs - historical data
- Define Area of Concern
- Evaluate limitations of equipment
- Develop detailed plan for obtaining data
Where does most water in an aquifer come from?
Precipitation that moves through the zone of aeration through the water table line into the zone of saturation
This is the process where water vapor that enters the air through plant respiration
Transpiration
