Benign conditions

Question 1

How do most present?

Answer 1

As an incidental finding during imaging

Question 2

Fibroma - location

Answer 2

Renal medulla

Question 3

Fibroma - pathology

Answer 3

Small white nodules

Question 4

Fibroma - management

Answer 4

Nothing

Question 5

Adenoma - location

Answer 5

Renal cortex

Question 6

Adenoma - pathology

Answer 6

Small yellow nodules

Question 7

Angiolipoma - what kind of tumour is it ?

Answer 7

Mesenchymal tumour

- mixture of fat, muscle, blood vessels

Question 8

Angiolipoma - definition

Answer 8

Hamartoma - benign malformation that resembles a neoplasm

Question 9

Angiolipoma - associated conditions

Answer 9

Tuberous sclerosis

Question 10

Angiolipoma - pathology

Answer 10

Normal components of the kidney but in a disproportionate ratio

Question 11

Angiolipoma - investigations

Answer 11

CT scan

- low hounsfield count

Question 12

Oncocytoma - definition

Answer 12

Benign renal tumour

May be mistaken for a malignant tumour

Question 13

Oncocytoma - pathology

Answer 13

Mahogany in colour

Large cells with eosinophilic granular pink cytoplasm

Question 14

Oncocytoma - definition

Answer 14

CT

- large lesion with central scan

Question 15

Oncocytoma - management

Answer 15

Nephrectomy

- this is done as it often resembles a malignant tumour

Question 16

Which benign tumour has a central scar?

Answer 16

Oncocytoma

Question 17

BXO - definition

Answer 17

Balanitis xerotica obliterans

Benign penile tumour

Question 18

BXO - clinical features

Answer 18

White patches where the foreskin usually contracts
Bleeding
Irreversible scarring
Fissuring

Question 19

BXO - management

Answer 19

Circumcision

Question 20

BXO - prognosis

Answer 20

May lead to SCC

Question 21

BPH - definition

Answer 21

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Enlargement of the prostate gland

Question 22

BPH and bladder sphincter

Answer 22

Disruption of the bladder sphincter mechanism by either physical obstruction or physiological interference

Question 23

BPH increases the risk of developing prostate cancer. True or false?

Answer 23

False

Question 24

BPH is commonly in the centre/periphery of the prostate gland?

Answer 24

Centre

- this can cause blockage of the prostatic urethra

Question 25

BPH - who gets it?

Answer 25

Elderly males

Question 26

BPH - cause

Answer 26

Hormone imbalance

- excess oestrogen

Question 27

BPH - clinical features

Answer 27

Asymptomatic mainly 
Prostatism 
- difficulty starting micturition
- poor stream
- disturbance of urinary flow 
- overflow incontinence

Question 28

BPH - clinical exam

Answer 28

PR exam

- smooth and rubbery

Question 29

BPH - pathology

Answer 29

Changes in the central portion of the prostate gland
Bladder is hugely dilated
Histology looks like branching of a tree

Question 30

BPH - investigations

Answer 30

Urinalysis
PSA
- if PSA +ve, need a trans-rectal biopsy

Question 31

BPH - management

Answer 31

Alpha blockers
5-alpha reductase
Surgery - TURP/laser

Question 32

BPH - name an example of an alpha blocker

Answer 32

Tamsulosin

Question 33

BPH - name an example of a 5-alpha reductase

Answer 33

Finasteride

Question 34

BPH - what do alpha blockers do?

Answer 34

Smooth muscle relaxant to allow for better flow effect

Question 35

BPH - what do 5-alpha reductase do?

Answer 35

Shrink prostate