Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Components of the urinary tract
A
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
2
Q
Basic function of kidneys
A
Produces urine
3
Q
Basic function of ureters
A
Drain urine from kidney
4
Q
Basic function of bladder
A
Stores urine
Removes urine
5
Q
Basic function of urethra
A
Excretion of urine from the body
+ excretion of semen (in males)
6
Q
Components of the upper urinary tract
A
Kidneys and ureters
7
Q
Components of the lower urinary tract
A
Bladder and urethra
8
Q
Kidneys - overall location
A
Retroperitoneal organ
Located in the RUQ and LUQ
Located in the lumbar (flank) regions
9
Q
Which kidney sits lower and why?
A
Right kidney
- due to the presence of the liver which displaces the right kidney inferiorly
10
Q
Right kidney location - vertebral level
A
L1-L3
11
Q
Left kidney location - vertebral level
A
T12-L2
12
Q
Location of proximal part of ureters
A
Retroperitoneal aspect of the abdomen
13
Q
Location of distal part of ureters
A
Pelvis
- travels through the false pelvis and into the true pelvis to attach to bladder
14
Q
Location of bladder
A
In the pelvis
15
Q
Location of proximal urethra
A
Pelvis
16
Q
Location of distal urethra
A
Perineum
- passes through the pelvic floor to get to here
17
Q
Kidney - components of the renal hilum
A
Renal vein
Renal artery
Ureter
18
Q
Where is the renal hilum located?
A
Medial aspect of the kidney
19
Q
What is located on the lateral aspect of the kidney?
A
Abdominal wall muscles
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- transversus abdominus
20
Q
Which of the following is most anterior (i.e. furtherst away from the kidney) - paranephric fat OR perinephric fat?
A
Paranephric fat
21
Q
What surrounds the kidney?
A
Renal capsule
- tough fibrous outer membrane
22
Q
What muscle is located medial to the kidneys?
A
Psoas major
23
Q
Which muscle is located immediately posterior to the kidneys?
A
Quadratus lumborum
24
Q
What is the renal artery a branch of?
A
Abdominal aorta
25
What does the renal artery branch into in the artery?
Arterioles
| - blood flows through the arterioles and into the glomerulus (in the nephrons)
26
Location of the renal artery in relation to the renal vein?
Posterior to the renal vein
27
Where does the renal vein drain to?
IVC
28
The renal vein always sits ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR to the renal artery?
Anterior
29
Common iliac veins sit ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR to common iliac arteries ??
Posterior
30
Where does lymph from the kidneys drain to?
Lumbar lymph nodes
| - located around the IVC and abdominal aorta
31
Where does lymph from the ureters drain to?
Lumbar lymph nodes and the iliac nodes
32
Anatomical variations - bifid renal pelvis
2 elements of the renal pelvis instead of 1
33
Anatomical variations - bifid ureter
2 separate ureters coming from the kidney which then form a single tube
34
Anatomical variations - unilateral duplicated ureter
2 separated ureters coming from the kidney and they both remain distinct
35
Anatomical variations - retrocaval ureter
Ureter rune posterior to the IVC (when it should run anterior)
36
Anatomical variations - horseshoe kidney
No separation of the right and left kidney
Fusion of the kidneys
No dysfunction
37
Anatomical variations - ectopic kidneys
Kidney is found elsewhere in the body
38
Anatomical variations - absence of kidney
Due to agenesis (failure to form)
| Nephrectomy
39
Renal cortex
Outer 1/3rd of the kidney
| Granulated appearance
40
Renal medulla
Inner 2/3rd of the kidney
41
Which part of the kidney contains the renal pyramids?
Renal medulla
42
What is located inside the renal pyramids?
Nephrons (approx 50,000 in each renal pyramid)
43
What gives the renal pyramids their striated appearance?
Collecting ducts
44
Nephron composition (2 parts)
Renal corpuscle
- glomerulus and bowmans capsule
Renal tubules
45
Pathway of urine drainage from the kidneys
```
Collecting ducts merge at base of medullary pyramid to form renal papilla ->
Minor calyx ->
Major calyx ->
Renal pelvis ->
Ureter ->
Bladder
```
46
The diameter of the urine drainage tubes increases until which point?
Anatomical constriction at the ureter
47
What are the 3 common anatomical sites of ureteric constriction
Pelviureteric junction
Ureter crossing anterior aspect of common iliac artery (commonly at bifuraction of common iliac)
Ureteric orifice (opening of the ureter into the bladder)
48
What happens as a result of ureteric Constriction?
Obstruction
| - causes urin to back up towards kidneys causing hydronephrosis
49
Obstructions of the upper urinary tract are usually UNILATERAL/BILATERAL ?
Unilateral
50
Obstructions of the lower urinary tract are usually UNILATERAL/BILATERAL ?
Bilateral
51
What is the function of the pelvic inlet?
Divides false pelvis from true pelvis
52
The false pelvis is in the PELVIC/ABDOMINAL cavity?
Abdominal
53
The true pelvis is in the PELVIC/ABDOMINAL cavity?
Pelvic
54
Name the 2 openings in the pelvic floor?
Urethra
| Rectum
55
Ureters pass ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR to common iliac arteries?
Anterior
56
Pathway of ureters to get to the bladder
Pass anterior to the common iliac arteries
Run along the lateral walls of the pelvis
Turn medially at the level of the ischial spine and enter the bladder
57
The ureters enter the ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR aspect of the bladder?
Posterior
58
Why does the ureter turn medially at the level of the ischial spine?
To prevent reflux of urine when the bladder contracts
59
In the female, where does the ureter run in relation to the uterine artery and uterine tubes?
Ureter runs BELOW the uterine artery and tubes
60
What is the water under the bridge analogy?
Ureter (water) runs under the bridge (uterine artery and uterine tubes)
61
In the male, where does the ureter run in relation to the bas deferens?
Ureter runs deep to the vas deferens
62
Arteries entering the pelvis are mainly branches from the EXTERNAL/INTERNAL iliac artery?
Internal
63
Veins draining the pelvis are mainly branches from the EXTERNAL/INTERNAL iliac vein?
Internal
64
Which surfaces of the bladder does peritoneum cover?
Only the superior surface
65
The bladder is the most ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR organ in the pelvis and it lies ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR to the pubic bone
Most anterior organ
Posterior to pubic bone
66
An empty bladder lies within the TRUE/FALSE pelvis and is ______ shaped
True
| Pyramidal
67
A full bladder lies within the TRUE/FALSE/TRUE+FALSE pelvis
True and false
68
What are the 2 possible routes of catheterisation
Urethral
| Supra-pubic
69
When is supra-pubic catheterisation suggested?
When the patient has a full bladder and a tube cannot be put up the urethra
70
The trigone is formed from:
___ ureteric orifice(s)
___ urethral orifice(s)
2 ureteric orifices
| 1 urethral orifice
71
What is the function of the trigone of the bladder?
Acts are a funnel to direct urine to the urethra
72
Which muscle forms the main bulk of the bladder wall?
Detrusor muscle
73
In order to eliminate fluid from the bladder, the detrusor muscle must CONTRACT/RELAX?
Contract
74
Both males and females have ___ urethral sphincters
2
- one internal
- one external
75
The internal urethral sphincter is composed of SMOOTH/SKELETAL muscle and is under VOLUNTARY/INVOLUNTARY control.
Smooth
Involuntary
Only males have an internal urethral sphincter
76
The external urethral sphincter is composed of SMOOTH/SKELETAL muscle and is under VOLUNTARY/INVOLUNTARY control
Skeletal
Voluntary
- via pudendal nerve
77
What additional feature does the internal urethral sphincter have in males?
Contracts to close off the bladder to ensure that semen leaves via the urethra instead of going back up into the bladder
78
Describe 2 mechanisms to prevent reflux of urine superiorly into the ureter
1 - medial angulation of the ureter at the level of the ischial spine
2 - detrusor muscle fibres wrap around the ureteric orifice and close this when the bladder contracts
79
In females, where does the body of the uterus sit in relation to the bladder?
Superior
80
In males, where does the prostate gland lie in relation to the bladder?
Inferior
81
In males, where does the first part of the urethra pass through?
Prostate gland (prostatic urethra)
82
Males have a shorter urethra than females. True or false?
False
| - males have a longer urethra
83
Where does the urethra originate?
Bladder neck
84
Lining of the urethra
Transitional epithelium
| Stratified squamous epithelium near its termination
85
The apex of the prostate gland is the SUPERIOR/INFERIOR portion of the prostate gland?
Inferior
86
The base of the prostate gland is the SUPERIOR/INFERIOR portion of the prostate gland?
Superior
87
Where is urine stored?
In the bladder
88
The nerve fibres enterina nd leaving the spinal cord levels ____ are key in the control of micturation
S2-S4
| pudendal nerve
89
Which receptors sense the filling of the bladder?
Stretch receptors
90
Micturation reflex
Stimulation (contraction) of detrusor muscle +
Inhibition (relaxation) of the internal urethral sphincter which causes the urine to flow from the bladder to the proximal urethra
91
The brain can over-ride the micturation reflex. True or false?
True
92
How does the brain over-rie the micturition reflex?
AP's within inhibitory nerve fibres pass inferiorly and inhibit the reflex (stop you from peeing)
This allows us to voluntarily contract the external sphincter until it is time to pee
93
What happens when it appropriate to urinate?
Inhibition of the micturition reflex is removed
Detrusor muscle contracts
Internal urethral sphincter relax
External urethral sphincter relax
Levator ani muscles relax
Anterolateral abdominal wall muscles contract
Urine is forced out of the external urethral orifice
94
Which nerves control the contraction of the detrusor muscle?
Involuntary control
| - parasympathetic nerves
95
Which nerves control the relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter?
Involuntary control
| - parasympathetic nerves
96
Which nerves control the relaxation of the external urethral sphincter
Voluntary control
| - pudendal nerves
97
If you have a brain injury you are likely to urinate more/less often ?
More
98
If you have a spinal injury, you are likely to urinate more/less often?
Less
99
What keeps people continent?
External urethral sphincter
