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Renal SOH > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the urinary tract

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

Basic function of kidneys

A

Produces urine

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3
Q

Basic function of ureters

A

Drain urine from kidney

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4
Q

Basic function of bladder

A

Stores urine

Removes urine

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5
Q

Basic function of urethra

A

Excretion of urine from the body

+ excretion of semen (in males)

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6
Q

Components of the upper urinary tract

A

Kidneys and ureters

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7
Q

Components of the lower urinary tract

A

Bladder and urethra

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8
Q

Kidneys - overall location

A

Retroperitoneal organ
Located in the RUQ and LUQ
Located in the lumbar (flank) regions

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9
Q

Which kidney sits lower and why?

A

Right kidney

- due to the presence of the liver which displaces the right kidney inferiorly

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10
Q

Right kidney location - vertebral level

A

L1-L3

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11
Q

Left kidney location - vertebral level

A

T12-L2

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12
Q

Location of proximal part of ureters

A

Retroperitoneal aspect of the abdomen

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13
Q

Location of distal part of ureters

A

Pelvis

- travels through the false pelvis and into the true pelvis to attach to bladder

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14
Q

Location of bladder

A

In the pelvis

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15
Q

Location of proximal urethra

A

Pelvis

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16
Q

Location of distal urethra

A

Perineum

- passes through the pelvic floor to get to here

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17
Q

Kidney - components of the renal hilum

A

Renal vein
Renal artery
Ureter

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18
Q

Where is the renal hilum located?

A

Medial aspect of the kidney

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19
Q

What is located on the lateral aspect of the kidney?

A

Abdominal wall muscles

  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • transversus abdominus
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20
Q

Which of the following is most anterior (i.e. furtherst away from the kidney) - paranephric fat OR perinephric fat?

A

Paranephric fat

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21
Q

What surrounds the kidney?

A

Renal capsule

- tough fibrous outer membrane

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22
Q

What muscle is located medial to the kidneys?

A

Psoas major

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23
Q

Which muscle is located immediately posterior to the kidneys?

A

Quadratus lumborum

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24
Q

What is the renal artery a branch of?

A

Abdominal aorta

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25
Q

What does the renal artery branch into in the artery?

A

Arterioles

- blood flows through the arterioles and into the glomerulus (in the nephrons)

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26
Q

Location of the renal artery in relation to the renal vein?

A

Posterior to the renal vein

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27
Q

Where does the renal vein drain to?

A

IVC

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28
Q

The renal vein always sits ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR to the renal artery?

A

Anterior

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29
Q

Common iliac veins sit ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR to common iliac arteries ??

A

Posterior

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30
Q

Where does lymph from the kidneys drain to?

A

Lumbar lymph nodes

- located around the IVC and abdominal aorta

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31
Q

Where does lymph from the ureters drain to?

A

Lumbar lymph nodes and the iliac nodes

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32
Q

Anatomical variations - bifid renal pelvis

A

2 elements of the renal pelvis instead of 1

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33
Q

Anatomical variations - bifid ureter

A

2 separate ureters coming from the kidney which then form a single tube

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34
Q

Anatomical variations - unilateral duplicated ureter

A

2 separated ureters coming from the kidney and they both remain distinct

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35
Q

Anatomical variations - retrocaval ureter

A

Ureter rune posterior to the IVC (when it should run anterior)

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36
Q

Anatomical variations - horseshoe kidney

A

No separation of the right and left kidney
Fusion of the kidneys
No dysfunction

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37
Q

Anatomical variations - ectopic kidneys

A

Kidney is found elsewhere in the body

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38
Q

Anatomical variations - absence of kidney

A

Due to agenesis (failure to form)

Nephrectomy

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39
Q

Renal cortex

A

Outer 1/3rd of the kidney

Granulated appearance

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40
Q

Renal medulla

A

Inner 2/3rd of the kidney

41
Q

Which part of the kidney contains the renal pyramids?

A

Renal medulla

42
Q

What is located inside the renal pyramids?

A

Nephrons (approx 50,000 in each renal pyramid)

43
Q

What gives the renal pyramids their striated appearance?

A

Collecting ducts

44
Q

Nephron composition (2 parts)

A

Renal corpuscle
- glomerulus and bowmans capsule
Renal tubules

45
Q

Pathway of urine drainage from the kidneys

A 
Collecting ducts merge at base of medullary pyramid to form renal papilla ->
Minor calyx ->
Major calyx -> 
Renal pelvis ->
Ureter -> 
Bladder
46
Q

The diameter of the urine drainage tubes increases until which point?

A

Anatomical constriction at the ureter

47
Q

What are the 3 common anatomical sites of ureteric constriction

A

Pelviureteric junction
Ureter crossing anterior aspect of common iliac artery (commonly at bifuraction of common iliac)
Ureteric orifice (opening of the ureter into the bladder)

48
Q

What happens as a result of ureteric Constriction?

A

Obstruction

- causes urin to back up towards kidneys causing hydronephrosis

49
Q

Obstructions of the upper urinary tract are usually UNILATERAL/BILATERAL ?

A

Unilateral

50
Q

Obstructions of the lower urinary tract are usually UNILATERAL/BILATERAL ?

A

Bilateral

51
Q

What is the function of the pelvic inlet?

A

Divides false pelvis from true pelvis

52
Q

The false pelvis is in the PELVIC/ABDOMINAL cavity?

A

Abdominal

53
Q

The true pelvis is in the PELVIC/ABDOMINAL cavity?

A

Pelvic

54
Q

Name the 2 openings in the pelvic floor?

A

Urethra

Rectum

55
Q

Ureters pass ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR to common iliac arteries?

A

Anterior

56
Q

Pathway of ureters to get to the bladder

A

Pass anterior to the common iliac arteries
Run along the lateral walls of the pelvis
Turn medially at the level of the ischial spine and enter the bladder

57
Q

The ureters enter the ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR aspect of the bladder?

A

Posterior

58
Q

Why does the ureter turn medially at the level of the ischial spine?

A

To prevent reflux of urine when the bladder contracts

59
Q

In the female, where does the ureter run in relation to the uterine artery and uterine tubes?

A

Ureter runs BELOW the uterine artery and tubes

60
Q

What is the water under the bridge analogy?

A

Ureter (water) runs under the bridge (uterine artery and uterine tubes)

61
Q

In the male, where does the ureter run in relation to the bas deferens?

A

Ureter runs deep to the vas deferens

62
Q

Arteries entering the pelvis are mainly branches from the EXTERNAL/INTERNAL iliac artery?

A

Internal

63
Q

Veins draining the pelvis are mainly branches from the EXTERNAL/INTERNAL iliac vein?

A

Internal

64
Q

Which surfaces of the bladder does peritoneum cover?

A

Only the superior surface

65
Q

The bladder is the most ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR organ in the pelvis and it lies ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR to the pubic bone

A

Most anterior organ

Posterior to pubic bone

66
Q

An empty bladder lies within the TRUE/FALSE pelvis and is ______ shaped

A

True

Pyramidal

67
Q

A full bladder lies within the TRUE/FALSE/TRUE+FALSE pelvis

A

True and false

68
Q

What are the 2 possible routes of catheterisation

A

Urethral

Supra-pubic

69
Q

When is supra-pubic catheterisation suggested?

A

When the patient has a full bladder and a tube cannot be put up the urethra

70
Q

The trigone is formed from:
___ ureteric orifice(s)
___ urethral orifice(s)

A

2 ureteric orifices

1 urethral orifice

71
Q

What is the function of the trigone of the bladder?

A

Acts are a funnel to direct urine to the urethra

72
Q

Which muscle forms the main bulk of the bladder wall?

A

Detrusor muscle

73
Q

In order to eliminate fluid from the bladder, the detrusor muscle must CONTRACT/RELAX?

A

Contract

74
Q

Both males and females have ___ urethral sphincters

A

2

  • one internal
  • one external
75
Q

The internal urethral sphincter is composed of SMOOTH/SKELETAL muscle and is under VOLUNTARY/INVOLUNTARY control.

A

Smooth
Involuntary
Only males have an internal urethral sphincter

76
Q

The external urethral sphincter is composed of SMOOTH/SKELETAL muscle and is under VOLUNTARY/INVOLUNTARY control

A

Skeletal
Voluntary
- via pudendal nerve

77
Q

What additional feature does the internal urethral sphincter have in males?

A

Contracts to close off the bladder to ensure that semen leaves via the urethra instead of going back up into the bladder

78
Q

Describe 2 mechanisms to prevent reflux of urine superiorly into the ureter

A

1 - medial angulation of the ureter at the level of the ischial spine

2 - detrusor muscle fibres wrap around the ureteric orifice and close this when the bladder contracts

79
Q

In females, where does the body of the uterus sit in relation to the bladder?

A

Superior

80
Q

In males, where does the prostate gland lie in relation to the bladder?

A

Inferior

81
Q

In males, where does the first part of the urethra pass through?

A

Prostate gland (prostatic urethra)

82
Q

Males have a shorter urethra than females. True or false?

A

False

- males have a longer urethra

83
Q

Where does the urethra originate?

A

Bladder neck

84
Q

Lining of the urethra

A

Transitional epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium near its termination

85
Q

The apex of the prostate gland is the SUPERIOR/INFERIOR portion of the prostate gland?

A

Inferior

86
Q

The base of the prostate gland is the SUPERIOR/INFERIOR portion of the prostate gland?

A

Superior

87
Q

Where is urine stored?

A

In the bladder

88
Q

The nerve fibres enterina nd leaving the spinal cord levels ____ are key in the control of micturation

A

S2-S4

pudendal nerve

89
Q

Which receptors sense the filling of the bladder?

A

Stretch receptors

90
Q

Micturation reflex

A

Stimulation (contraction) of detrusor muscle +
Inhibition (relaxation) of the internal urethral sphincter which causes the urine to flow from the bladder to the proximal urethra

91
Q

The brain can over-ride the micturation reflex. True or false?

A

True

92
Q

How does the brain over-rie the micturition reflex?

A

AP’s within inhibitory nerve fibres pass inferiorly and inhibit the reflex (stop you from peeing)
This allows us to voluntarily contract the external sphincter until it is time to pee

93
Q

What happens when it appropriate to urinate?

A

Inhibition of the micturition reflex is removed
Detrusor muscle contracts
Internal urethral sphincter relax
External urethral sphincter relax
Levator ani muscles relax
Anterolateral abdominal wall muscles contract
Urine is forced out of the external urethral orifice

94
Q

Which nerves control the contraction of the detrusor muscle?

A

Involuntary control

- parasympathetic nerves

95
Q

Which nerves control the relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter?

A

Involuntary control

- parasympathetic nerves

96
Q

Which nerves control the relaxation of the external urethral sphincter

A

Voluntary control

- pudendal nerves

97
Q

If you have a brain injury you are likely to urinate more/less often ?

A

More

98
Q

If you have a spinal injury, you are likely to urinate more/less often?

A

Less

99
Q

What keeps people continent?

A

External urethral sphincter

Renal SOH (25 decks)

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