belief system (2) Flashcards
what is the phenomenological perspective ?
reli is just one of many belief sytem s
belief systems are socially constructed , created by the society they come from
belief system share our universe meaning the meaning people give to their social world in order to understand it
belief systems are not absolute theyre very fragile and can be shattered
what is universe of meaning ?
whcih organise their experiences makes snese of their lives , they construct their own social worlds amdd work to maintain them against the threat of uncertainty and dsiruption
what does the universe of meaning require ?
it requires constant legitamation , it needs repeted reinforcement and justification , members of society msut be told and retold that their universe of meaning is legitamate without this support
life would crumble and become meanigless , stability of society is threatened
how is belief system constructed ?
belief sytem is socially constructed form bases of unom and they feedback and reinforce the society that constructed them
how does science offer support ?
science offers suport for universe of meaning by grounding them in reason and evdience e.g darwin hteory of revoluton based on evidece fosills
what does berger and luckman say ?
the social construction of reality human beings construct their belies in social context
people manufacture universe of meaninf in order to structure and make sense of their social worlds
universe of meaning requrire constant legitamisation to be told and ajvomng ot conformed that its right true and correct
what is a belief system ?
belief system are set of ideas that claim to have knowledge about reality
what are the difference between science and religion ?
science - factual evidence , fossil, experiments, lab, vause and effect , objectice , open to challenge-new evidence
reli - sacred and fixed ideas , not open to challened , belief and faith, based on past knowledge , books , reli texts , reli scholars /leaders
what is an open system of belief ?
where knowledge claims are open to questioning and to be questioned- popper falsfication
what is a clsoed system of belief ?
closed system of belief where knowledge claims cant be challenged or overturned
why is science an open belief system according to popper ?
because every scientist theory can/ is open to scrutinity , criticism and testing by others
what is falsification ?
scientist set out and try to falsify existing theories , delibrately seeking evidence that would disprove them
what is the mertons cudos norms ?
communism - scientific knowledge isnt private property - dcientist must share it with the community by publishing
universalism - truth or falsify of scientific knowledge is judged by universal , objective criteria and not by particular race , sex etc of scientist who produces it
disinterestedness - being commited to discovery knowleddge for its own sake , having to publish their own findings makes it harder for scientist to practice fraud , enables others to check their claims
organised scepticism - no knowledge claim is regarded as sacred - every idea is open to questioning and criticism and obj ,investigation
what are some similarities between popper and merton cudos
science as an insituition or organised social activity needs an ethos or set of norms that make scientists act in a way that increases knowledge of science
what did popper argue
popper argued that they rest on a solid bedrock fabrication of facts - systematic obervation and measurements made by scientist arent objective
what did knor cetina say ?
facts are fabricated - cinstructed by scientsits - facts are based off theories observed
closed belief system
what does hurton say ?
sees science as on open beleif system one where knowledge is provisional , open to challenge and potentially disprovable
religion has get out clauses = which makes it a close system = reinforce the system and prevent it from being disproved e.g witchcraft belief
who else does hurton agree with ?
popper, he sees science as an open system one where knowledge claims are open to criticism and can be dsiprove4d bytestting
reli = closed belief system = whenever its fundamental beliefs are threatened a closed belief system has get out clauses that reinforce the system and prevent ot from being disproved = witchcraft belief
who studied the azande people and who are they ?
pitchard = people of sudan
believe that natural events have natural causes they dont belienve in coincidence
whebn misfortune befalls them the azande someone a jealous neighbour is practicing witchcraft on them
what does pitchard argue ?
this belief system performs useful social functions not only clears the air and prevents grudges from festering ,
it encourages neighbour to behave considerately towards one another to reduce the risk of an accusation
what does hortan say ?
the witch craft among the azande are a closed system of beleifs as they all highly resistant to challenges cannot be overturned by the evidence
reli justifies itself and prevents it from being disproved
what is closed system ?
knowledge claims cannot be challenged or overturned
what does the polyani say ?
all beleif syst have 3 devices to sustain themselves in the face of apparently contradictory evi- all system are closed because they all use self sustaining belief = not open to change
circularity = each idea in the syst is explained in terms of another idea within the syst and so on round and round
subsidary- useless justification , justifable for azande within the bs
denial of legitamacy = to rival belief system reject alt worldviews by refusing to grant any legitamacy to theior basic assumption e.g evolution = dont want to believe in other thoeries or reli even if they have evidence but they still refuse to believe them
what is the paradigm ?
paradigm is the body of knowledge
science work in a shared paradigm - kuhn
science is a closed sys
rejects evidence that challenges its claim
outside of the paradigm
e.g dr
eventualy create new para chyms
science is not open - rejexct info if it contradicts the existing body
not object = reject accpet depends on field
= socially constructed by those reviewing
influenced by external factos - reject info
what is the study of the little green men
1967 = cambridge study an anomoly = lgm there might be life out of space = this was an unacceptable interpretation from the viewpoint of the scientific community - and one that would have finished their career - then fabricated their facts
woolgar notes a scientific fact is simply socially constructed
what does knor cetina argue ?
scientific reseaqrch and science is not objective
scientist fabricate fatcs ,research and findings and data = will be interpreted in such a way as it meets the aim of the scientist and what they want to find out
tech and scientific instruments that favour the scientific research
science is working in a socially constructed paradigm
selfsustaining
what do polyanis believe ?
polyanis all bs are ss
who talks about fabri of facts ?
knor cetina - scientist fabricates facts research
what did doctor v say ?
research on astronomy was rejected
he went against the paradigm
he put forward a new theory on the origins of earth
science -is socially constructed - when their facts dont fit in with society
finsih this off
what did kuhn say ?
science- all knowledge is socially constructed and created by social groups
normal science is a closed system that doesnt permit challenges to its paradigm , science is not objective because its socially constructed facts
how do interprevetist view science ?
see science knowledge as socially constructed
the position of sciencr in a pm society
what is marxixts view of science ?
science is not obj because serving needs of capitalism creates profit for technoscience and big farmer - making money form doing research
what is the feminitst viwewof science
male dominates and /// streamed
what is pm view on science
meta narrative that cannot be trusted as all of them is relative
what is science in the modern era like
in the modern era there was belief in constant progress
science and reli dominanted thinking in retionsl society
the spiritual and reli become less important
has science lost its authority ?
late modernity - Giddens in late modern society there are dounts about sciences objectivity
late mod - beck science contriburtes to the uncertainty and risk in late mod society
pos mod - llyotard - scicne is a meta narrativwe which is rejected by post modern society
what is the overlaps between science and reli
reli- metanarlr science - llyotard science= meta narr
leaders, prophets, saints - leading scientist- scientific geniues - newton
blind faith - science dont have evidnece not all theories have beem proven with evidence
ideology set of ideas impacted on others - compulsary teaching in school
another opocentric, human centered- focused on human progress
dogmatic ,accepted way of doing things that is not challenged- scientists work within a paradigm
ideology
what is ideology ?
a world view or set of ideas
what can ideology be viewed as ?
distorted ,fake ideas about the world
a partial or ine sided view of reality
a self sustaining bs which irrational and not open to criticism
what is view of ideo with sociological perspec ?
marxists - equality will never work cause it goes against human nature
fem - ideo is a set of ideas which keeps women in their place - patriachal ideo or a potentially liberaying set of beliefs - fem
how did popper see ideology
saw ideology as a closed system of thought - closed to evidence which challenge their beliefs
ideologies reject alternative views they dont tolerate opposing ideas
how do marxists view ideology ?
marx said ideo was a false pic created by rc
most important force in society is was class conflict between workers and rc
what is a summary of marx view on ideo
in capitalist soc workers are employed to produce goods which are sold by emplpyers for a profit
only abit of this profit ends up in the workers wage - most kepy by the employer
marx said if workerws were allowed ro notice thew unfairness they would revolt
ruling ideas , ideo is needed by rc to make a unfair system to appear fair and legitatiate and thereofre keep it going
marx claimed ideo creates fcc for the workers it gets thme to believe their system and their position within it are both fair and just by mystifying and falssifying their pic of reality
func of ideo is to keep workers in the place and stop them from rebelling
rc only have ideo cuase only thry have the need to create illusions
neo marxist
what does gramsci say ?
called the domination of rc ideology hegemony
hegemonic ideas dont just rule they dominate
nobody qs the rc right to rule gramsci argued that rc ideology intrenched in all areas of social life e.g reli , art and law
however gramsci argues its posiible for the proletariet to challence rc hegemony because they have a dual consciousnesss
what is dual consciousness
a mixture of rc ideology and ideas they develop from their own direct experience of exploitation and their struggle against it therefore possible for wc to develop consciousness and over throw capitalism
