BEHP 5020A Behavior Based Safety Flashcards
The key problem in safety is …
a low rate of injury
Unsafe behavior is very unlikely to result in _______
injury
Unsafe behavior often contacts _________ _________
immediate reinforcement
A frontline-driven process of targeting particular safe behaviors, arranging peer observation, and providing feedback and reinforcement
Behavior based safety
List the key components of BBS:
- targeting particular ______ _________
- arranging _______ ___________
- providing _________ and ___________
- targeting particular safe behaviors
- arranging peer observation
- providing feedback and reinforcement
Traditional safety programs:
- base awards on _______
- use __________ ____________
- make ________-based decisions
- base awards on injuries
- use antecedent manipulations
- make results-based decisions
Antecedent interventions may ________ behavior but will not maintain behavior without ____________
evoke, consequences
List 4 problems with using punishment to decrease unsafe behavior:
- does not _______ anything
- may evoke ____________
- decreases ___________
- discourages __________
- does not teach anything
- may evoke counter-control
- decreases participation
- discourages reporting
An unbiased examination of current policies and procedures used to encourage safety in the organization
Safety assessment
Describe the makeup of a design team:
- 8-10 representative ____________
- a ________ professional
- m____________
- e____________
- 8-10 representative employees (assertive and interested)
- a safety professional
- management
- engineering
The safety assessment involves:
- reviewing ________ ________
- discovering ______ and ______ _____ areas
- forming _________ for interviews and observations
- interviewing __________ and __________
- observing any _________ ___________
- observing employees in ______ ______ _______
- reviewing existing data
- discovering high and low risk areas
- forming questions
- interviewing employees and management
- observing any safety meetings
- observing employees in high-risk areas
List the typical steps in the safety assessment:
- safety ________ ________
- i_________
- o________ practices
- develop a _______
- write a _________
- safety records review
- interviews
- observe practices
- develop a plan
- write a report
The safety assessment is presented to _______ ________
senior management
A good initial safety report:
- outlines __________ for _________
- clearly states a __________
- is clear and _________
- outlines opportunities for improvement
- clearly states a solution
- is clear and succinct
The steering committee is typically:
- made up of ________ _________
- responsible for the ongoing _________ and ________ of the safety process
- made up of rotating members
- responsible for the ongoing evaluation and maintenance of the safety process
During the initial meeting with management:
- provide an _________
- obtain _______
- present results of ________ _________
- present basic _______ approved by management
- provide opportunities for __________
- provide an overview
- obtain input
- present results of safety assessment
- present basic process approved by management
- provide opportunities for feedback
The initial meeting with the design team will require _________
2-3 days
List the outline of the design team initial meeting:
- safety __________
- management and _______ meeting
- m_______
- o_________
- feedback and __________
- safety ________
- management _______
- training and ________
- i___________
- m__________
- t___________
- safety assessment
- management and initial meeting
- mission
- observation
- feedback and involvement
- safety incentives
- management update
- training and kickoff
- implementation
- maintenance
- troubleshooting
The purpose of the lower-level management meeting is to ________ __________ from management
develop support from management
A safety related mission statement should be created by the ________ team in conjunction with senior management.
design
Describe the two parts of a safety mission statement:
- _______ __________
- _______ __________
- broad abstractions (related to the culture)
- specific behavior
A safety mission statement is important because it provides the basis for __________ of new _________
evaluation of new procedures
Implementing a BBS process without a mission statement may result in _________
drifting
List the steps for developing a safety mission statement:
- _________ a list of positive and negative items related to safety
- turn negative statements positive and then describe a ________
- sort _________ into categories by ________
- use the list in _________ the safety process
- use the list to evaluate the quality of new _______ _______, and _________ __________
- include the list as part of the _________ ________
- brainstorm
- pinpoint
- pinpoints, values
- designing
- safety processes, individual performance
- kickoff meeting
Values statements allow for:
- evaluation of ________ _________
- evaluation of _____ _________
- providing rules for _______ _________
- individual behavior
- new procedures
- staff interactions
A formal ________ allows management to approve suggested implementation and stay involved
timeline
Observation, predominantly peer observation, is what will allow us to deliver _________ for safe behavior and prevent _______
consequences, extinction
_________ is the cornerstone of the BBS process
Observation
When participants conducted observations and delivered feedback on body positioning of employees, their safety behavior increased – this is termed the _______ _______
observer effect
Examining the ______ _______ for roughly five years allows for an analysis of what _______ _______ may have prevented the accidents
injury records, behavioral targets
Describe how to develop the observation tool:
- Group ________ into categories
- ______ the categories from most to least contributors to injuries
- List _______ within each category from most to least contributors to injuries
- Get _______ _______ on ________
- ________ all ________
- ________ the checklist
- pinpoints
- order
- targets
- get staff input on targets
- define all targets
- refine
Make sure all pinpoints are defined such that employees can _______ their behavior
increase
Alvero and Austin (2004) found that conducting observations is …
beneficial to the observer
Explain how to calculate “percent safe”
Divide total safe by total safe + unsafe times 100
_____ _________ is voluntary but ________ is mandatory for everyone
Data collection, training
List 3 potential targets for observations:
- e________
- t______
- a______
- employees
- tasks
- areas
In general _______ should be delivered immediately after observations take place
feedback
Primarily observers will deliver reinforcement for what was done ________
correctly
Safety data should be reviewed at least _______
weekly
______ team will set initial goals and ________ ________ will modify and update as needed
Design, steering committee
List 3 types of safety awards:
- ________ awards
- ________ celebrations
- ________ reinforcement
- individual awards
- group celebrations
- unique reinforcement
Recognition is typically a part of _________ training
observer
When using financial incentives:
- put procedures in place to identify ______ ________ - base upon __________
- measure behavior __________
- false reporting
- accomplishments
- objectively
Management should be presented with the entire program before implementation. This allows for:
- final _______
- final _______ approval
- opportunity to ________ _________
- opportunity to __________ Design Team
- final input
- final budget approval
- publicly commit
- reinforce
Training staff in the BBS process will take …
a full day
During training, emphasize that the goal is to measure behavior _________
objectively
Pinpoints should be _______ and __________
clear and observable
The purpose of the kickoff meeting is to:
- inform all staff about the ______
- and when ________ will begin
process, observations
The kickoff meeting should be led by the _______ ________
steering committee
The kickoff meeting should be planned by the ________ _________
Design team
Implementation is primarily the responsibility of the ________ __________
steering committee
Steering committee members should be trained to:
- ________ data
- ________ data
- develop ________ to overcome problems
- analyze
- interpret
- programs
List 7 duties of the steering committee:
- finish any _________
- start ____________
- monitoring of _______ stages
- create new _______
- close call / injury ________
- ________ to plan as necessary
- ________ to management
- finish any trainings
- start observations
- monitoring of initial stages
- create new programs
- close call/injury analysis
- revisions to plan as necessary
- report to management
Effective steering committees have ___________ responsibilities
delegated
The primary role of management in the BBS process is to …
show employees they support the process
Maintenance of the BBS process is handled by the ______ ________ and _____________
steering committee, management
Steering committee members should do the following daily:
- _______ correct behavior
- _______ staff
- _______ about the safety process
model, reinforce, talk
Safety meetings to review data should be held ______ with a formal meeting _______
weekly, once a month
List 3 common problems in the BBS process:
- _________ employees
- data are ________ ________
- _________ observations
- negative employees
- data are trending downward
- insufficient observations
List 4 strategies for dealing with negative employees:
- discuss __________
- increase _________
- get them __________
- ____________
- discuss issues to ameliorate problems
- increase reinforcement
- get them involved
- reassignment
List 4 strategies for fixing downward data trends:
- examine _________
- examine _________ interactions
- increase/decrease ________ presence
- change target _________
- examine reinforcement
- examine observer interactions
- management presence
- change target programs
Safe behavior does not often lead to injury, so we are delivering __________ for safe behavior by _______ -_________
consequences, direct observation
List steps in the process for creating improvement projects:
- identify practices that are less than _____ safe
- ______ a practice to improve
- make sure the ________ and _________ are not contributing to the unsafe practice
- suggest ______ to fix the problem
- 100%
- select
- equipment and processes
- plans
Improvement plans may be implemented to:
- increase ________ behavior
- keep the ______ process going
insufficient, safety
List 4 examples of improvement projects to keep the process going:
- safety ________
- _______ contest
- project ________
- public _________
- safety suggestion
- naming contest
- project slogans
- public commitment
For lone workers, __________ may be used in place of peer observation
self-observation
For lone workers doing self-observation, a _______ _______ signals collection at _______ times and employees stop and collect data on their _______ _______
process owner
random
current performance
For lone workers, the process owner is responsible for:
- collecting ______
- _______ collection times
- _______ data
- delivering _______
- collecting data
- signaling collection times
- graphing data
- delivering reinforcement
Olson and Austin’s study of self-observation in bus drivers found a ________ improvement in safe behavior
moderate
Self-observation should be signaled _________
randomly
Self-observation may also be useful for populations that are strongly opposed to _____ _________
peer observation
List components of an effective safety process:
- __________ observation and feedback
- formal review of _______
- _________ goals
- _________ for improvement
- behavioral
- observation data
- improvement
- reinforcement
Behavioral safety is based on the behavioral processes discovered by ________
Skinner
Behavioral psychology focuses on the __________ and _________ of behavior
observation and measurement
The father of behavioral safety was _________
H.W. Heinrich
H.W. Heinrich found that the overwhelming majority of workplace injuries are the result of _______ _______ by workers
unsafe actions
Safety engineering involves:
- elimination of ________
- _________ of equipment that malfunctions
- engineering _______
- elimination of hazards
- replacement of equipment that malfunctions
- engineering controls
The Behavioral Safety process involves:
- safety __________
- o________ _________
- e__________
- l__________ behavior
- w_________ behavior
- safety engineering
- occupational therapy
- ergonomics
- leadership behavior
- worker behavior
When implementing Behavioral Safety, you can expect a reduction in injuries in the area of _____ % in the first year and _____% in the first 5 years
26% and 69%
List examples of safety data that businesses find important:
- _______ __________
- p_________ _______
- n_____ _______ _______
- w_______ ________ with safety process
- OSHA recordables
- production rates
- near miss reports
- worker satisfaction with safety
A meta-analysis by Krause, Seymour, and Sloat (1999) found that on average OSHA recordables decreased by _____ in the first year and ______ over 5 years
26%, 69%
List critical variables for the maintenance of the safety process:
- involvement of internal staff in ________
- ________ of internal staff in carrying out some ________ of the intervention
- internal system of _______ __________
- internal system for dispensing _________
- design
- training, component
- data collection
- consequences
The purpose of Sigurdsson and Austin’s meta-analysis (2006) was to create a _________ of __________ ________
taxonomy of maintenance variables
Which variable was included in most studies analyzed by Sigurdsson and Austin (2006)?
involvement of internal staff in design
The individuals best suited to track the number of items fixed/engineered, and provide regular reporting of safety feedback are:
middle managers
The case study of a food services setting by Lebbon, Sigurrdson and Austin (2002) analyzed injury data based on:
- c_______
- b______ ______
- j_____ _____
- cause
- body part
- job title
The 8 safety targets addressed in the study by Lebbon, Sigurrdson and Austin (2002) were:
- ______ hazards
- ______ hazards
- work __________
- c______
- p_______ _________ ________
- b______
- work with _________
- ______ safety
- slip hazards
- trip hazards
- work surroundings
- cuts
- personal protective equipment
- burns
- work with machines
- back safety
In the case study by Lebbon, Sigurrdson and Austin (2002) in a food services setting, the 5 steps of an observation were:
- ________ observation
- observe _________
- observe _________
- show _________ to person observed and give ________
- discuss performance and ________ ________ to safety
- general observation
- observe conditions
- observe behaviors
- show checklist to person observed and give feedback
- discuss performance and systems barriers to safety
To resolve a low level of executive commitment, ask them to make 2-3 _____ _______ fixes early in the process
“big ticket”
To resolve a low level of commitment from supervisors, make sure the ________ level is tracking supervisor behavior
executive
To resolve insufficient numbers of observations:
- ensure sufficient _______
- ensure observations are not ___________
- ensure observations are ______________
- provide __________
- time
- punished
- anonymous
- incentives
“Pencil whipping” refers to the problem of ______ ________
fake observations
To resolve the problem of “pencil whipping”:
- provide ______ and ________ for observations
- check if ________ are being addressed
- check if _______ are posted regularly
- _______ or ________ the checklist
- time and incentives
- comments
- data
- simplify or revamp
To resolve the problem of poor feedback skills:
- _______ feedback skills
- emphasize ________ ____ _________ as a core management skill
- provide ___________ to hand out
- coach
- openness to feedback
- reinforcers
To resolve the problem of ineffective safety meetings:
- check if the committee is receiving _______ ______
- check the _______ of observations
- check if committee suggestions are being _______
- resolve poor _________ __________
- observation data
- quality
- ignored
- meeting management
A tool to show progress and environmental fixes by publicly displaying process milestones
Scoreboard
A tool for tracking and ensuring process related behaviors from managers/workers
Accountability worksheet
A tool for ensuring accuracy
Partner observations
The acronym SLAM stands for …
Stop - Look - Analyze - Mitigate
A “short-shot” (unannounced) observation is useful because it _______ _______
saves time
List measurement techniques used in traffic safety:
- a__________ measurement
- e__________ product
- real-time __________
- automated measurement
- enduring product
- real-time observation
List several examples of automated measurement in traffic safety:
- inboard ______
- traffic ________
- data _________
- c________
- e_____ ________
- inboard GPS
- traffic analyzer
- data loggers
- cameras
- eye tracking
List measurement tools for real-time observation in traffic safety:
- discrete __________ or __________
- ________ sampling
- ________ recording
- ________ measures
- discrete categorization or checklists
- interval sampling
- frequency recording
- duration measures
List treatment strategies for traffic safety:
- p_________
- f_________ systems
- increasing or reducing _________
- increasing or reducing ______ ______
- i_________ systems
- prompting
- feedback systems
- increasing or reducing effort
- increasing or reducing wait time
- incentive systems
Most pedestrian crashes happen at _______ and in _______
at night and in cities
Two frequent causes of pedestrian crashes are ________ and _________ to ________
screening, failure to scan
Making a _______ turn is more dangerous in terms of pedestrian crashes
left
When using a crosswalk, it is safest to cross _______
counter-clockwise
List examples of traffic signals:
- advanced or offset ______ ______
- ________ pedestrian phase
- ______ ________ issues
- buttons that _________
- _________ signals
- signs that _______ drivers
- advanced or offset stop bars
- leading pedestrian phase
- hot button issues
- buttons that confirm the press
- countdown signals
- signs that prompt drivers
List “hot button” factors that contribute to pedestrian safety:
- vehicle _______
- ______ size
- _________ length
- number of _______
- _________ that need to be watched
- presence of a ________ ________
- factors related to _________
- ________ behavior available
- vehicle speed
- gap size
- crosswalk length
- number of lanes
- directions that need to be watched
- presence of a median island
- factors related to comfort
- concurrent bx available when waiting
The presence of a median island reduces pedestrian crashes by _____
40%
A study of the relationship between crossing violations and minimum green time found that 100% of pedestrians waited at ________ but only a little over 60% waited at __________
30 seconds, 2 minutes
Signs, markings and signals for pedestrian safety may function as ________. They should provide _________ and _________ whenever possible
prompts
feedback and consequences
List strategies to reduce screening crashes in traffic safety:
- advanced ______ ______ and ______ _______
- rectangular rapid ________ ________
- in-street _______
- advanced stop lines and yield markings
- rectangular rapid flashing beacons
- in-street signs
Research on in-street signs in a _________ arrangement to decrease screening crashes found that they were at least as effective as ________
gateway, beacons
A good traffic safety treatment package is ___________, _______ -_________, and ties components together to create a __________ effect
multi-faceted
cost-efficient
synergistic
High-visibility enforcement is critical to __________ behavior
rule-governed
High-visibility ___________ is critical to rule-governed behavior
enforcement
List 7 components in a traffic safety treatment package:
- w_______ _______
- c_________
- p_______ ________
- p_______ postings
- e_______ _______
- i___ _______ _______
- paid _______ _______
- warning phase
- citations
- parent outreach
- public postings
- earned media
- in-street signs
- paid radio ads
Describe traffic safety enforcement components:
- begin with warnings to _____ ______
- utilize ______ ______ pedestrians
- hand out _______ to stopped drivers
- use a ________ _______ downstream of the enforcement site to raise awareness of the targeted behavior
- ______ ________ between many sites
- use _________ _________ that will hold up in court
- begin with warnings to win support
- utilize police decoy pedestrians
- hand out flyers to stopped drivers
- use a sandwich board downstream
- rapid rotation
- use standardized procedures
Educational components of a traffic safety treatment package include:
- p_______ _________
- a flyer on teaching _________ _________
- ________ _______ posted on busy streets
- parent notice
- crosswalk safety
- feedback signs
The traffic safety treatment package described utilized 3 engineering components:
- no ________ from the dilemma zone to the crosswalk
- advanced _______ ________
- in-street _______
- no passing
- advanced yield markings
- in-street signs
Two effective interventions for increasing seatbelt use are ________ _________ and increasing ______ _______
feedback signs
increasing pedal force
Four effective interventions for reducing speeding are:
- ________ signs
- ________ program
- b________
- i________
- feedback signs
- warning program
- beacons
- incentives
A study using incentives (loss of possible monetary reward) to reduce speeding was able to virtually eliminate speeding in …
all speed zones
Behavior Based Safety is an application of ______
OBM
