BEHP 5018 Part 2 Flashcards
Graff and Karsten (2012) found that BCBAs reported conducting full scale preference assessments:
less than once a month
Zhou et al (2001) looked at correlation of PS preference assessment and found _____ correlation of rank-order preference over a 12-20 month period.
low
Individuals with ASD seem to have _______ stable preferences than individuals without ASD
more
Food preferences seem to be ______ stable than preferences for leisure items
more
DeLeon et al (2001) compared the results of a lengthy one-time PS assessment (top ranked item) and daily brief MSWO assessments (top ranked item) and found that the item chosen in the ________ assessment was generally a more effective reinforcer
daily
Research conducted by Zhou et al (2001) has suggested greater stability in stimuli ranked in what part of the preference hierarchy?
top
Which of the following has been suggested as a determining factor in whether or not frequent preference assessments help increase accuracy?
if preferences vary
According to a survey by Graff and Karsten (2012), how often did most BCBAs say they conducted mini preference assessments?
several times a day
The effectiveness of a reinforcer refers to both its _________ capacity to support responses that produce it and its utility in producing ________ behavior change
momentary, long-term
The studies by Hanley et al on changing preferences found that enhancing an activity with ________ _________ reinforcement can temporarily shift choices towards that activity
supplemental contingent
The studies by Hanley et al on changing preferences found that noncontingent pairing of an activity with established preferred stimuli can ________ shift choices towards that activity
temporarily
The studies by Hanley et al on changing preferences found that effects of pairing procedures appear to be ________
transient
List 4 determinants of stimulus value:
delay, rate, quality, magnitude
Generally, delays to reinforcement can ________ the effectiveness of behavioral arrangements and result in ________ in the value of a reinforcer
weaken, decreases
When delays occur, primary, directly consumable reinforcers are discounted ______ _______ than conditioned reinforcers
more steeply
Leon et al assessed delayed food, delayed tokens, and immediate tokens w/delayed exchange and found that:
- delayed _______ produced greatest persistence
- delayed _______ produced most rapid decreases in responding
- immediate token delivery with a delayed exchange opportunity equaled or ______ effects of delayed food
o
food, tokens, exceeded
In the Leon et al study of delayed reinforcement, which item produced the greatest persistence?
delayed food
In the Leon et al study of delayed reinforcement, which item produced the most rapid decreases in responding?
delayed tokens
Organisms will distribute behavior among concurrently available alternatives in the same proportion that reinforcers are distributed among those alternatives.
Matching law
Quality of reinforcement is conceptualized in terms of:
level of preference (higher preference = better quality)
Magnitude of reinforcement can vary according to:
quantity, intensity or duration
Research examining the effects of reinforcer quality has generally suggested that:
better quality reinforcers may function as more potent reinforcers
Research examining the effects of delay to reinforcement has generally suggested that:
delays can decrease the value of a reinforcer
When thinning schedules of reinforcement, consider the ________ of reinforcement
magnitude
An establishing operation is an environmental event, operation, or stimulus condition that serves the following two functions:
- a reinforcer establishing function
- evocative function
A reinforcer establishing function _______ alters the reinforcing effectiveness of other events
momentarily
An _________ __________ momentarily alters the frequency of occurrence of the type of behaviors that produces those other events as a consequence
evocative function
Momentarily increases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus and momentarily increases the frequency of bx that produces the stimulus as a consequence
stimulus deprivation
Momentarily decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus and momentarily decreases the frequency of bx that produces the stimulus as a consequence
stimulus satiation
The results of a study conducted by Vollmer and Iwata examining rates of simple responses under conditions of deprivation and satiation revealed that _________ decreased mean response rate
satiation
Imports principles of microeconomics to the study of operant behavior
Behavioral economics
Behavioral economics -
In economics, goods and services
In behavioral economics, reinforcers
commodities
Behavioral economics -
In economics, price paid per unit of a commodity
In bx economics, number of responses “paid” per unit of reinforcer
unit price
Behavioral economics -
In economics, total quantity of a commodity consumed, typically at the population level
In bx economics, total amount of a reinforcer obtained per unit of time, typically at the individual level
consumption
Behavioral economics -
sensitivity to price – the extent to which changes in unit price influence consumption of the commodity
elasticity of demand
Behavioral economics -
changes in price produce less than proportional changes in consumption (e.g., 1% increase in price produces < 1% decrease in consumption)
inelastic demand
Behavioral economics -
changes in price produce larger than proportional changes in consumption (e.g., 1% increase in price produces >1% decrease in consumption)
elastic demand
Behavioral economics -
Stimuli with equivalent initial consumption (under low cost conditions) may have very different ______ ______
demand profiles
Behavioral economics -
consumption of reinforcer not dependent on responding within earning context
open economy
Behavioral economics -
consumption of reinforcer entirely dependent on responding within earning context
closed economy
Behavioral economics -
Greater defense of consumption (less elastic curves) occurs under ________ economies than _______ economies
closed, open
Behavioral economics -
Demand is ______ elastic when substitutable reinforcers are concurrently available
more
Behavioral economics -
Consumption _______ more rapidly as price or delay increases when the alternative is functionally similar
declines
Zhou et al found low rank-order correlation over time for leisure preferences, while Ciccone et al found higher correlations for food preferences. What factors may account for this?
- different number of _________
- food preferences may be ______ ______ across time
- different ________ between initial and follow-up assessments
- different number of participants (22 vs 8)
- food preferences may be more stable across time
- different intervals between initial and follow-up assessments
Studies comparing the effectiveness of a stimulus chosen via initial preference assessment before the study and brief MSWO before daily training found that more frequent assessments were _______ helpful in identifying functional reinforcers.
sometimes
The Hanley et al studies on reinforcer effectiveness found that:
- reinforcement delivered for a less preferred activity can…
- ___________ of __________ will shift from an high to a low-preference activity after pairing
- effects appear to be _________
- reinforcement delivered for a less preferred activity can increase choice for that activity
- distribution of responding will shift from an high to a low-preference activity after pairing
- effects appear to be transient
List 7 determinants of stimulus value:
- delay, ______, quality and _________
- M_________ __________
- B_________ __________
- C_________
- A__________ and continuity
- Stimulus _________
- C________
- delay, rate, quality and magnitude
- motivating operations
- behavioral economics
- contingency
- accumulation and continuity
- stimulus variation
- choice
Studies on the effects of motivating operations on preference and reinforcer assessment results demonstrated that:
- states of deprivation _______ _________
- states of deprivation increase ________ of _________
- states of satiation generally do not _________ rates of responding
- states of deprivation increase preference
- states of deprivation increase rates of responding
- states of satiation generally do not decrease rates of responding
Demand curves vary with the ________ of alternatives
similarity
When problem behavior continues to be reinforced or when reinforcement of appropriate behavior needs to be thinned, _________ reinforcers will be more durable
dissimilar
Accumulated access, mediated through a token system:
- is _______ by learners
- supports ________ work
- supports greater ________ of work
- is preferred by learners
- supports faster work
- supports greater overall quantity of work
The Egel study on the effects of stimulus variation found that using the same reinforcer resulted in a ______ in percent correct and a ________ in percent on-task responding.
decrease, decrease
The Egel study on the effects of stimulus variation found that both percent on task and percent correct _______ with the delivery of varied reinforcers.
sustained at higher levels
Research on the effects of choice on stimulus value found that more learners preferred __________ choice to __________ choice. _________ choice supported higher rates of responding.
within session preferred over pre-session
within session supported higher rates
Research on the effects of choice on stimulus value found that more learners preferred _______ over _______ conditions
choice, no-choice - even though it was for the same reinforcers (red M&Ms)
Research on the effects of choice on stimulus value found that choice does / does not support higher rates of responding
does not
Assuming that a reinforcement contingency is correctly implemented, no change in responding may result from:
- ________ external contingencies that were not needed
- procedural __________ between the response and its outcome
- contrived
- mismatches
If a reinforcement contingency results in a decrease in responding, what are three possible explanations?
- o_________
- p_________
- d_________ properties of reinforcer
- overjustification
- punishment (learner prefers the task)
- discriminative properties of reinforcer (evokes a competing bx)
In rank-order correlation, a correlation of one indicates:
perfect correlation
In a study on shifts in preference over short time periods, researchers found more stability in preferences for ________ vs _________ stimuli
edible over non-edible
Despite more stability in preference for edible over non-edible stimuli, it is not a good idea to assess edibles less frequently because of ________ ________
individual differences
Trosclair-Lasserre (2008) study on effects of different reinforcer magnitudes on preference and reinforcer
efficacy found that:
- the ______ _______ of the discrepancy between magnitude of reinforcers might influence preferences
- learners might not be initially ______ to small discrepancies between magnitudes of reinforcers
- small discrepancies between magnitudes of reinforcers may produce ________
- absolute level
- sensitive
- indifference
Consumption ___ more rapidly as delay ___ when alternative is functionally similar
decreases, increases
Demand for luxury goods is ___ elastic than demand for necessary goods
more
There is a greater defense of consumption (less elastic curves) under ___ economies than ___ economies
closed, open
List 5 procedural mismatches that may result in a reinforcement contingency that does not increase responding:
- the stimulus used was not a ________
- the stimulus was not a reinforcer under the ______ ________ in which it was arranged
- the stimulus used was _______ a reinforcer under these conditions
- a response-reinforcer contingency was _______ but not __________
- the stimulus followed the ______ _______
- reinforcer
- specific conditions
- no longer
- arranged, contacted
- wrong response
In the study by Graff and Karsten, _____% of BCBAs reported never conducting full-scale preference assessments, while _____% reported conducting mini preference assessments at least daily
10%, 50%
In studies on shifts in preference, Ciccone studied ______ items, while Zhou studied _______ items
edible, leisure
Effectiveness of a reinforcer can refer to:
- ________ capacity to support responses that produce it
- utility in production of ________ behavior change
- momentary
- long term
List 4 strategies for incorporating a variety of reinforcers:
- frequent ______ _______
- stimulus ______
- pre-session _______
- ________ reinforcer choice
- frequent preference assessment
- stimulus variation
- pre-session selection
- post-response reinforcer choice
List 3 factors that may influence the elasticity of demand:
- _______ on income
- open vs closed ________
- nature of available ________
- constraints on income
- open vs closed economies
- nature of available alternatives
Interventions that involve ______ reinforcers are typically more durable than interventions that involve ______ reinforcers
contingent, noncontingent
DeLeon et al studied accumulated vs distributed reinforcers and found higher mean rates of responding in the ______ condition
accumulated
Accumulated access, mediated through tokens:
- supports _____ work
- supports greater overall _____ of work
- is _____ by learners
- supports faster work
- supports greater overall quantity of work
- is preferred by learners
When yoking is used in research on choice, the experimenter selects the reinforcer based on …
the order chosen by the learner in the preceding choice condition (imperfect b/c preferences may change)
Summarize conclusions of research on choice:
- no effect found in ______ _____
- preference for choice in _______ ________
- choice may be ________ but not always _______
- single operant
- concurrent schedule
- choice may be preferable but is not always beneficial (does not usually improve performance)
The influence of past events on current behavior is termed …
reinforcement history
List 3 examples of behavior resulting from reinforcement history:
- behavior that ________ in particular contexts during extinction
- responding that occurs at ________ high or low rates
- __________ bx that doesn’t match current contingencies
- persists
- unnecessarily
- rule-governed
A central tenet of behavior analysis is that reinforcement history influences responding _______
day to day
In research on reinforcement history, the target schedules are typically ______ _______ schedules
fixed interval
______ ______ schedules may be particularly sensitive to reinforcement history effects
fixed interval
Fixed interval schedules don’t select against particular ______ or patterns of ________
rates, responding
- responses during the interval do not influence delivery of the reinforcer
- response rates can vary widely without affecting reinforcement rate
Reinforcement history effects may be more influential when particular histories are correlated with distinct ______
stimuli
Alleman and Zeiler (1974) found that FT target schedules were affected by DRL or FR histories:
- response rates were ______ during FT after DRL
- response rates were ______ during FT after FR
low, high
Due to reinforcement history effects, if a clinician wants to suppress responding with a time-based schedule, reinforcement rates on the response-dependent baseline and time-based schedule should be ______
different
Due to reinforcement history effects, if a clinician wants to maintain responding with a time-based schedule, reinforcement rates on the response-dependent baseline and time-based schedule should be ______
similar / yoked
An unconditioned reinforcer functions as a reinforcer under _____ conditions without prior learning
some
A reinforcer does not function as a reinforcer strictly because it elicits a _______
reflex (such as salivation)
There must be an EO that increases the value of the stimulus
When we refer to a generalized conditioned reinforcer, we are referring to generalization across a wide variety of ________
Motivation Operation conditions (not behaviors)
Breaking a response-reinforcer dependency, resulting in gradual reduction of response rate
operant extinction
No longer pairing a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus, resulting in the conditioned stimulus no longer producing the conditioned response
respondent extinction
When using operant extinction to reduce behavior, it is most important to match the extinction procedure to the _______
function of the behavior
Extinction results in a _______ reduction in responding
gradual
List 4 response-generating effects of extinction:
- A_________
- E_________ _________
- R_________ _________
- T_________ _________
- aggression
- emotional outbursts
- response variation
- treatment relapse
Extinction-induced aggression is likely to be a _______ behavior
respondent (probably not immediately sensitive to consequences)
A group of responses varying in topography, all of which have the same effect on the environment
Response class
Recovery of previously treated responding, typically occurring when there is some disruption to the treatment
treatment relapse
List 3 possible causes of treatment relapse:
- return to a _______ in which problem bx was previously reinforced
- inconsistent ________
- addition of _________ previously associated with problem bx
- context
- implementation
- reinforcers
Form of treatment relapse associated with changes in context
renewal
Form of treatment relapse associated with increased exposure to extinction
resurgence
e.g., may occur with more intermittent implementation of a DRA
Response reduction happens more quickly after continuous reinforcement than intermittent reinforcement (maybe)
Partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE)
PREE may be an ______ of different baseline response rates (reinforcement history)
artifact
The influence of recent reinforcement history, causing bx to change gradually during exposure to new contingencies
transition state
History effects may define ______ _______
transition states (influence of reinforcement history causing bx to change gradually during exposure to new contingencies)
In reversal designs, reinforcement history may cause _______ ________
sequential confounding
one phase follows another, so effects cannot be separated from history with previous phase
An extreme form of sequential confounding is termed ________
irreversibility
When planning for reinforcement history effects in reversal designs, __________ order of conditions
counterbalance
In multiple baseline designs, reinforcement history effects may lead to __________ across responses or settings
generalization
may be desirable clinically, but bad for experimental control
When planning for reinforcement history effects in multiple baseline designs, select baselines that are not too closely _______ or use _________ designs
related, combined
In multielement designs, reinforcement history effects can cause __________ effects
carryover
especially when conditions are not easily discriminable
When planning for reinforcement history effects in multi element designs, use clear _________ ________, _________ order of conditions, and provide ______ between sessions
discriminative stimuli (signal which condition is in effect)
counterbalance (allows for assessment of carryover)
- time
In changing criterion designs, reinforcement history effects may cause the organism to _____ ______ if the reinforcement schedule is increased too fast
stop responding (ratio strain)
When planning for reinforcement history effects in changing criterion designs, increase response requirements __________, but don’t stay at any step for too long.
gradually
establish a reinforcement history at intermediary steps
In changing criterion designs, considering ________ _______ is a critical feature of the design
reinforcement history
When studying the Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect, control for differences in baseline rates of responding by measuring the _______ of responding during extinction
proportion
The Lerman et al study of the PREE found a ______ ______ effect for 2 participants
reverse PREE
During _____ states the influence of recent reinforcement causes behavior to change gradually during exposure to new contingencies
transition
During ______ states responding is controlled by current contingencies rather than by an interaction between current and historical contingencies
steady
Lerman et al. (1996) found _______ responding during extinction following continuous reinforcement than intermittent reinforcement, particularly when resistance was examined as proportion of baseline responding
more
OBM is a sub-discipline of _______
ABA
List the 4 sub-divisions of OBM:
- performance management
- behavior based safety
- behavioral systems analysis
- performance based pay
The most straightforward application of ABA in a business setting is _________
performance management
Involves analyzing individual or small groups of employees and modifying the environment to improve performance
Performance management
Equitably aligns the contingencies in an organization so that the better the employees and company do, the more money they can make, all things being equal
Performance based pay
A system with input, an entity that changes its behavior in response to conditions outside its boundaries
Open system
Open systems are _______ to external events
very responsive
List Abernathy’s 7 Sins of Wages:
- f_____ c______ pay
- pay for ______
- corporate _________
- performance-based _________
- management by _________
- management by _________
- __________ thinking
- fixed cost pay (expected yearly raise)
- pay for time (job expands to fill time available)
- corporate socialism (rewards underperformers/punishes overperformers)
- performance based promotions (promotions are the only way to increase wages)
- management by perception (subjective)
- management by exception (excessive use of negative reinforcement)
- entitlement thinking (company owes me)
Some effects of using excessive negative reinforcement are:
- performance to the _______ standard
- restricted _________
- __________ relationships
- e________
- may make negative reinforcement _____ effective
- performance to the minimum standard
- restricted innovation
- adversarial relationships
- excuses
- may make negative reinforcement less effective
Traditional performance pay plans:
This plan is based upon a ranking, supervisor rating, company performance or peer assessment
Merit increase
Traditional performance pay plans:
This plan is based on manager discretion and becomes an expectation
Annual bonus
Traditional performance pay plans:
This plan may have a tax benefit, but is subject to restrictions of repeatability
Stock options
Traditional performance pay plans:
This plan is based on year end profit but is non-contingent
Profit sharing
Traditional performance pay plans:
This plan pays based on expense reduction and may promote cooperation, but is self-limiting over time
Gain sharing
Traditional performance pay plans:
This plan generates high production but may not control for quality or safety and is limited to a single output that requires high volume
Piece rate
Traditional performance pay plans:
This plan generates high production but may encourage unethical behavior, discourages cooperation, and is not indexed to company profitability
Sales commission
Traditional performance pay plans:
This plan involves setting goals and paying out when goals are met, but may pay out when the company is unprofitable
Goal Sharing
Traditional performance pay plans:
This plan uses a scorecard which is multiplied by an incentive opportunity, but is not linked to company profitability
Goal Sharing Budget
The best traditional alternative to PFP is ______ _______
goal sharing
Performance-Based Pay: List the areas to include on the organizational scorecard: - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ control - p\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - c\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ - s\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - r\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ c\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - c\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ s\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - s\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ p\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- expense control
- productivity
- cash flow
- sales
- regulatory compliance
- customer service
- strategic projects
Performance-Based Pay:
On an organizational scorecard, ________ refers to a ratio of employee output to labor hours
productivity
Performance-Based Pay:
On an organizational scorecard, ______ ______ refers to payables collections and inventory
cash flow
Performance-Based Pay:
List the steps for developing an organizational scorecard:
1. Select _______ to include
2. Decide the _______ of each category
3. List a specific ________ that impacts the category
4. Decide ________ and ________ in each category
5. List ______ and assign _______ based on what they can influence
- Select areas to include
- Decide the weight of each category
- List a specific measure that impacts the category
- Decide the measures and ranges of each category
- List jobs and assign weights based on what they can influence
Performance-Based Pay:
To accurately measure employee targets by priority, use a _______ ________
performance scorecard
Performance-Based Pay:
PIPP stands for …
Profit-Indexed Performance Pay
Profit-Indexed Performance Pay:
Percent of monthly salary eligible for incentives
Basis percent
Profit-Indexed Performance Pay:
Score from scorecard
Performance index (PI) score
