Behaviour, Health and Development

Question 1

What is the Biomedical model?

Answer 1

• Focuses on the health purely in terms of biological factors
• Believes that mental disorders are brain diseases and can be treated
• Weakness is that it does not address clinical conditions that may have multiple behavioural, social and environmental causes

Question 2

What does Psychosomatic mean?

Answer 2

Mind and body are involved in the illness

Question 3

Theoretical Framework

Answer 3

The structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study.
Systemic way of organising and explaining observations

Question 4

Standardised Procedure

Answer 4

Procedure that is the same for all participants except where variation is introduced to test the hypothesis

Question 5

Generalisability

Answer 5

Sample that is representative of the population
Procedure that is sensible and relevant to circumstances outside of the laboratory

Question 6

Objective Measurement

Answer 6

Measures that are reliable (that produce consistent results)

Question 7

What is Occam’s Razor?

Answer 7

If two hypothesis explain a phenomenon equally well, we should generally select the simpler one

Question 8

Correlation vs Causation

Answer 8

The fact that two things are associated with each other does not mean that one causes the other

Question 9

What are the two designs of General Research?

Answer 9

Experimental
Correlational

Question 10

What are the two designs of Developmental Research?

Answer 10

Longitudinal
Cross-Sectional

Question 11

What are the key features of Experimental Research?

Answer 11

Investigates the cause-and-effect relationship through:

• Manipulation of independence variable
• Random assignment of participants to conditions

Question 12

Difference between dependent and independent variables?

Answer 12

Independent variables are what we expect will influence dependent variables.
A Dependent variable is what happens as a result of the independent variable

Question 13

What are some pros of an Experimental design?

Answer 13

Can make causal claims
High Internal Validity (random assignment helps eliminate confounding)

Question 14

What are some cons of an Experimental design?

Answer 14

Can be unethical
Low external validity (control reduces relevancy to real world)

Question 15

What is a key feature of a Correlational Research Design?

Answer 15

Examines the degree to which two or more variables are related

Question 16

What is an example of Observed Correlation?

Answer 16

As the inability to manage stress increases, blood pressure increases

Question 17

What are some strengths of a Correlational Design?

Answer 17

• Helps to predict behaviour and outcomes
• Can suggest a potential cause and effect relationship
• Reveals naturally occurring relationships in the real world

Question 18

What are some weaknesses of a Correlational Design?

Answer 18

• Only reveals that two variables tend to vary together
• Can’t predict why association exists

Question 19

What are some strengths of Naturalistic Observation?

Answer 19

• High external validity (real world)
• Can help generate new ideas

Question 20

What are some limitations of Naturalistic Observation?

Answer 20

• Have to wait for behaviour to happen
• Low internal validity
• Cause and effect hard to establish

Question 21

What are some strengths of a Longitudinal Design?

Answer 21

• Can examine change overtime
• Can examine associations between early experiences and later behaviour/development/ health

Question 22

What are some limitations of a Longitudinal Design?

Answer 22

Time
Expensive
Attrition (drop in participant numbers)

Question 23

What is a Cross-sectional study?

Answer 23

Compare people of different ages at one time point

Question 24

Subject Expectancies

Answer 24

a form of reactivity that occurs when a research subject expects a given result and therefore unconsciously affects the outcome, or reports the expected result.

Question 25

Experimenter Expectancies

Answer 25

every observer brings their own experiences, own lens, may unconsciously influence

Question 26

What are the 4 key principles of Te Ara Tika?

Answer 26

Tika (Research design)
Mana (Justice & Equity)
Whakapapa (Relationships)
Manaakitanga (Cultural & Social Responsibility)