Behavioral Sciences Chapter 6: Identity and Personality Flashcards
What is self-concept?
The sum of ways in which we describe ourselves; in the present, who we used to be, who we might be in the future
Identities
individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong. Religious affiliation, sexual orientation, and ethnic and national affiliations are examples of identities.
Self-esteem
Evaluation of ourselves - Generally the closer our actual self is to our ideal self (who we want to be) and our ought self (who others want us to be), the higher our self esteem will be.
Self-efficacy
degree to which we see ourselves as being capable at a given skill or in a given situation. When placed in a consistently hopeless scenario, self-efficacy can be diminished to the point where learned helplessness results.
Learned helplessness
State of hopelessness and resignation resulting from being unable to avoid repeated negative stimuli; often used as a model of depression.
Locus of control
Way we characterize influences
What is internal locus of control?
see successes and failures as a result of their own characteristics and actions
What is external locus of control?
outside factors have more of an influence over their lives
What is Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development based on?
libido – failure leads to fixation, causing personality disorders
What are his phases?
oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital - based on erogenous zones that are the focus of each phase of development
What do Erikson’s stages arise from? What are the categories?
Stem from conflicts that occur through life and the decisions we are forced to make about ourselves and the environment around us.
- trust v. mistrust
- autonomy v. shame and doubt
- initiative v. guilt
- industry v. inferiority
- identity v. role confusion
- intimacy v. isolation
- generativity v. stagnation
- integrity v. despair
What are Kohlberg’s stages of moral development based on? What are the three main phases?
Approaches of individuals to resolving moral development
- preconventional
- conventional
- postconventional
What is the idea of zone of proximal development?
Describes the skills that a child has not yet mastered and require a more knowledgeable other to accomplish
What are two common ways children learn from others?
imitation and role-taking
What is a reference group?
The group that we compare ourselves to – may see qualities differently depending on how those qualities compare to their reference group
What is the psychoanalytic perspective view?
personality as resulting from unconscious urges and desires.
What are Freud’s psychoanalytic theories based on?
id - basic urges of survival and reproduction
superego - idealist and perfectionist
ego - mediator between the two and conscious mind
What did Jung assume?
That a collective unconscious links all humans together. He viewed the personality as being influenced by archetypes.
What is the humanistic perspective?
emphasizes the internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self realization.
What are two examples of humanistic approach?
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Rogers’ therapeutic aproach of unconditional positive regard flow
What do type and trait theorists believe?
That personality can be described as a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors
What are three type theories?
Ancient greek notions of humors
Sheldon’s somatotypes division into Type A and B
Myers-Briggs Type Inventory
What are three major traits that Eysencks thought could describe all individuals?
psychoticism (nonconformity)
extraversion (tolerance for social interaction and stimulation)
Neuroticism (arousal in stressful situations)
What are the BIG FIVE?
Openness Concientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
What three traits did allport identify?
Cardinal - organizes ones life around
Central - major characteristics
Secondary - more personal and limited in occurrence
What is the social cognitive perspective?
individual interacts with their environment in a cycle called reciprocal determinism. People mold their environments according to their personalities and those environments shape our thoughts, feelings and behaviors
What is the behavioralist perspective?
concept of operant conditioning - personality is learned through rewards and punishments
What is the biological theory?
behavior = genetic expression
