Behavioral Sciences Chapter 5: Motivation, Emotion and Stress Flashcards
Motivation
The purpose or driving force behind our actions
What are the two types of motivation?
extrinsic = based on external circumstances intrinsic = based on internal drive or perception
Instincts
innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli.
What is the instinct theory of motivation?
People perform certain behaviors because of these evolutionarily programmed instincts
What is the arousal theory?
people perform actions to maintain arousal, the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli at an optimal level.
What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?
Shows that performance is optimal at a medium level of arousal.
What are drives?
Drives are internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals. Primary drives are related to bodily processes, secondary drive from learning, including accomplishments and emotions.
What is drive reduction theory?
Says that motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Prioritizes needs into 5 categories, the lowest being the highest priority — physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem and self-actualization.
What is the incentive theory?
Explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments.
What is the expectancy-value theory?
Amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued
What is the opponent-process theory?
explains that motivation for drug use – as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms.
What is sexual motivation related to?
hormones and cultural and social factors
What is emotion?
A state of mind, feeling that is subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood and relationships.
What are the three components of emotion?
Cognitive (subjective), Behavioral (facial expressions and body language), & physiological (changes in the sympathetic nervous system)
What are the seven universal emotions?
happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust and anger.
What are the 3 theories of emotion?
James-Lange = nervous system arousal leads to cognitive response in which emotion is labeled Cannon-Bard = simultaneous arousal of the nervous system and cognitive response lead to action Schacter-Singer = nervous system arousal and interpretaion of context lead to a cognitive response.
What is the primary nervous system component involved in emotion?
limbic system
How is the amygdala involved in emotion?
attention and fear - helps interrupt facial expressions and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory.
How is the thalamus involved in emotion?
Sensory processing station
How is the hypothalamus involved in emotion?
releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal.
How is the hippocampus involved in emotion?
Creates long-term explicit memories
How is the prefrontal cortex involved in emotion?
planning, expressing personality and making decisions
ventral = experiencing emotion
ventromedial = controlling emotional responses from the amygdala decision-making
What is stress?
physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes is defined as stress
What are the two stages of stress?
Primary appraisal = classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive or stressful
Secondary appraisal = directed at a evaluating if the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat and challenge
What are the three stages of general adaptation syndrome?
Alarm, resistance and exhaustion
