Behavioral Sciences Chapter 10: Social Thinking Flashcards
Interpersonal attraction
what makes people like each other and is influenced by multiple factors
Physical attractiveness is increased by
Symmetry and proportions close to the golden rule ratio
What influences interpersonal attraction?
Similarity of attitudes, intelligence, education, height, age, religion, etc.
Self-disclosure
Reciprocity - we like people who we think like us
Proximity
Agression
a physical, verbal or nonverbal behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase social dominance
Attachment
an emotional bond to another person and usually refers to the bond between a child and a caregiver. There are 4 types: secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized
Secure attachment
requires a consistent caregiver so the child is able to go out and explore knowing he or she has a secure base to return to; the child will show strong preference for the caregiver
Avoidant attachment
Occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child; the child shows no preference for the caregiver compared to strangers
Ambivalent attachment
Occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometmes responding appropriately, sometime neglectful; the child will become distressed when caregiver leaves and is ambivalent when they return.
Disorganized attachment
occurs when a caregiver is erratic or abusive; the child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence and may show repetitive behaviors.
Social support
the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network
Emotional support
listening to, affirming and empathizing with someone’s feelings.
Esteem support
Affirms the qualities and skills of the person.
Material support
providing physical or monetary resources to aid a person
Informational support
providing useful information to a person
Network support
providing a sense of belonging to a person
Foraging
searching for and exploiting food resources
Mating system
Describes the way in which a group is organized in terms of sexual behavior
Monogamy
consists of exclusive mating relationships
Polygamy
consists of one member of a sex having multiple exclusive relationships with members of the opposite sex, inculding polygyny and polyandry
Promiscuity
Allows a member of one sex to mate with any member of the opposite sex without exclusivity
Mate choice
the selection of a mate based on attraction and traits
Altruism
a form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him- or herself
Game theory
attempts to explain decision-making between individuals as if they are participating in a game
Inclusive fitness
a measure of an organism’s success in the population. This is based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring and the ability of the offspring to then support others
Social perception or social cognition
the way by which we generate impressions about people in our social environment. Contains perceiver, target & situation
Implicit personality theory
states that people make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits and behavior are related.
Primacy effect
refers to when first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions
Recency effect
when the most recent information we have about an individual is most important in forming our impressions
reliance on central traits
tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver
halo effect
when judgements of an individuals character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual
Just-world hypothesis
the tendency of individuals to believe that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
Self-serving bias
refers to the fact that individuals will view their own successes as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors.
Attribution theory
focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior
dispositional (internal) causes
those that relate to the features of the person whose behavior is being considered.
Situational (external) causes
related to features of the surrounding or social context
Correspondent inference theory
used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person.
Fundamental attribution error
the bias toward making dipositional attributions rather than situational attributions in regard to the actions of others
Attribute substitution
occurs when individuals make judgements that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic
Attributions are influenced by:
Culture
Stereotypes
occur when attitudes and impressions are made based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group individuals.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
stereotypes can lead to expectations of certain groups, which can create conditions that lead to confirmation of the stereotype
Stereotype threat
concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group.
Prejudice
defined as an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group or thing prior to an actual
Ehtnocentrism
practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture.
In-group
social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging
out-group
refers to a social group with which an individual does not identify
Cultural relativism
refers to the recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms
Discrimination
when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others
Individual discrimination
refers to one person discriminating against a particular person or group
Institutional discrimination
refers to the discimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution
